Guidelines for Human Rights Protocol and Architecture Considerations

This section provides guidance for document authors in the form of a questionnaire about protocols and how technical decisions can shape the exercise of human rights. The questionnaire may be useful at any point in the design process, particularly after the document authors have developed a high-level protocol model as described in . These guidelines do not seek to replace any existing referenced specifications, but rather contribute to them and look at the design process from a human rights perspective. Protocols and Internet Standards might benefit from a documented discussion of potential human rights risks arising from potential misapplications of the protocol or technology described in the Request For Comments (RFC). This might be coupled with an Applicability Statement for that RFC. Note that the guidance provided in this section does not recommend specific practices. The range of protocols developed in the IETF is too broad to make recommendations about particular uses of data or how human rights might be balanced against other design goals. However, by carefully considering the answers to the following questions, document authors should be able to produce a comprehensive analysis that can serve as the basis for discussion on whether the protocol adequately takes specific human rights threats into account. This guidance is meant to help the thought process of a human rights analysis; it does not provide specific directions for how to write a human rights considerations section (following the example set in ). In considering these questions, authors will need to be aware of the potential of technical advances or the passage of time to undermine protections. In general, considerations of rights are likely to be more effective if they are considered given a purpose and specific use cases, rather than as abstract absolute goals. Also note that while the section uses the word, ‘protocol’, the principles identified in these questions may be applicable to other types of solutions (extensions to existing protocols, architecture for solutions to specific problems, etc.).

Question(s): Does your protocol depend on or allow for protocol-specific functions at intermediary nodes? Explanation: The end-to-end principle holds that certain functions can and should be performed at ‘ends’ of the network. states “that in very general terms, the community believes that the goal is connectivity […] and the intelligence is end to end rather than hidden in the network.” When a protocol exchange includes both endpoints and an intermediary, there are new opportunities for failure, especially when the intermediary is not under control of either endpoint, or even largely invisible to it, as, for instance, in intercepting HTTPS proxies . This pattern also contributes to ossification, because the intermediaries may impose protocol restrictions – sometimes in violation of the specification – that prevent the endpoints from using more modern protocols, as described in Section 9.3 of . Note that intermediaries are distinct from services: in the former case the third party element is part of the protocol exchange, whereas in the latter the endpoints communicate explicitly with the service. The client/server pattern provides clearer separation of responsibilities between elements than having an intermediary. However, even in client/server systems, it is often good practice to provide for end-to-end encryption between endpoints for protocol elements which are outside of the scope of the service, as in the design of MLS . Example: Encryption between the endpoints can be used to protect the protocol from interference by intermediaries. The encryption of transport layer information in QUIC and of the TLS Server Name Indication field are examples of this practice. One consequence of this is to limit the extent to which network operators can inspect traffic, requiring them to have control of the endpoints in order to monitor their behavior. Impacts: Right to freedom of expression Right to freedom of assembly and association

Questions(s): Is your protocol optimized for low bandwidth and high latency connections? Could your protocol also be developed in a stateless manner? Also considering the fact that network quality and conditions vary across geography and time, it is also important to design protocols such that they are reliable even on low bandwidth and high latency connections. Impacts: Right to freedom of expression Right to freedom of assembly and association

Question(s): Is your protocol fault tolerant? Does it downgrade gracefully, i.e., with mechanisms for fallback and/or notice? Can your protocol resist malicious degradation attempts? Do you have a documented way to announce degradation? Do you have measures in place for recovery or partial healing from failure? Can your protocol maintain dependability and performance in the face of unanticipated changes or circumstances? Explanation: Reliability and resiliency ensures that a protocol will execute its function consistently and error resistant as described, and function without unexpected result. Measures for reliability in protocols assure users that their intended communication was successfully executed. A system that is reliable degrades gracefully and will have a documented way to announce degradation. It will also have mechanisms to recover from failure gracefully, and if applicable, will allow for partial healing. It is important here to draw a distinction between random degradation and malicious degradation. Some attacks against previous versions of TLS, for example, exploited TLS’ ability to gracefully downgrade to non-secure cipher suites – from a functional perspective, this is useful; from a security perspective, this can be disastrous. For reliability, it is necessary that services notify the users if a delivery fails. In the case of real-time systems, in addition to the reliable delivery, the protocol needs to safeguard timeliness. Example: In the modern IP stack structure, a reliable transport layer requires an indication that transport processing has successfully completed, such as given by TCP’s ACK message . Similarly, an application layer protocol may require an application-specific acknowledgment that contains, among other things, a status code indicating the disposition of the request (See ). Impacts: Right to freedom of expression Right to security

Question(s): Does your protocol include plaintext elements, either in the payload or headers, that can be used for differential treatment? Is there a way minimise leaking of such data over the network? If not, is there a way for deployments of the protocol to make the differential treatment (including prioritisation of certain traffic), if any, auditable for negative impacts on net neutrality? Explanation: Content agnosticism refers to the notion that network traffic is treated identically regardless of payload, with some exceptions where it comes to effective traffic handling, for instance where it comes to delay-tolerant or delay-sensitive packets, based on the header. If there is any prioritization based on the content or metadata of the protocol, the protocol should be transparent about how it does so, for instance by adding flow labels (in the case of IPv6) or the six bits available in the Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) (in the case of DiffServ). Example: Content agnosticism prevents payload-based discrimination against packets. This is important because changes to this principle can lead to a two-tiered Internet, where certain packets are prioritized over others on the basis of their content, their origin, or their destination. Effectively this would mean that although all users are entitled to receive their packets at a certain speed, some users become more equal than others. However, there are many different kinds of traffic differentiation and prioritization, therefore it is extremely helpful is different use cases and their intended and possible impacts are documented. Impacts: Right to freedom of expression Right to non-discrimination Right to equal protection

Question(s): Does your protocol or specification define text string elements, in the payload or headers, that have to be understood or entered by humans? Does your specification allow Unicode? If so, do you accept texts in one charset (which must be UTF-8), or several (which is dangerous for interoperability)? If character sets or encodings other than UTF-8 are allowed, does your specification mandate a proper tagging of the charset? Did you have a look at ? Explanation: Internationalization refers to the practice of making protocols, standards, and implementations usable in different languages and scripts (see Localization). In the IETF, internationalization means to add or improve the handling of non-ASCII text in a protocol. A different perspective, more appropriate to protocols that are designed for global use from the beginning, is the definition used by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C):

Many protocols that handle text only handle one charset (US-ASCII), or leave the question of what coded character set and encoding are used up to local guesswork (which leads, of course, to interoperability problems). If multiple charsets are permitted, they must be explicitly identified . Adding non-ASCII text to a protocol allows the protocol to handle more scripts, hopefully representing users across the world. In today’s world, that is normally best accomplished by allowing Unicode encoded in UTF-8 only. In current IETF practice , internationalization is aimed at user-facing strings, not protocol elements, such as the verbs used by some text-based protocols. (Do note that some strings are both content and protocol elements, such as identifiers.) Although this is reasonable practice for non-user visible elements, given the IETF’s mission to make the Internet a global network of networks, developers should provide full and equal support for all scripts and character sets in the user-facing features of protocols and for any content they carry. Example: See localization Impacts: Right to freedom of expression Right to political participation Right to participate in cultural life, arts and science

Question(s): Does your protocol uphold the standards of internationalization? Have you made any concrete steps towards localizing your protocol for relevant audiences? Explanation: Localization refers to the adaptation of a product, application or document content to meet the language, cultural and other requirements of a specific target market (a locale) . For our purposes, it can be described as the practice of translating an implementation to make it functional in a specific language or for users in a specific locale (see Internationalization). Internationalization is related to localization, but they are not the same. Internationalization is a necessary precondition for localization. Example: The Internet is a global medium, but many of its protocols and products are developed with a certain audience in mind, that often share particular characteristics like knowing how to read and write in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) and knowing English. This limits the ability of a large part of the world’s online population from using the Internet in a way that is culturally and linguistically accessible. An example of a standard that has taken into account the view that individuals like to have access to data in their native language can be found in . The document describes a way to label information with an identifier for the language in which it is written. And this allows information to be presented and accessed in more than one language. Impacts: Right to non-discrimination Right to participate in cultural life, arts and science Right to freedom of expression

Question(s): Is your protocol fully documented in a way that it could be easily implemented, improved, built upon and/or further developed? Do you depend on proprietary code for the implementation, running or further development of your protocol? Does your protocol favor a particular proprietary specification over technically-equivalent competing specification(s), for instance by making any incorporated vendor specification “required” or “recommended” ? Do you normatively reference another standard that is not available without cost (and could you do without it)? Are you aware of any patents that would prevent your standard from being fully implemented ? Explanation: The Internet was able to be developed into the global network of networks because of the existence of open, non-proprietary standards . They are crucial for enabling interoperability. Yet, open standards are not explicitly defined within the IETF. On the subject, states: “Various national and international standards bodies, such as ANSI, ISO, IEEE, and ITU-T, develop a variety of protocol and service specifications that are similar to Technical Specifications defined at the IETF. National and international groups also publish “implementors’ agreements” that are analogous to Applicability Statements, capturing a body of implementation-specific detail concerned with the practical application of their standards. All of these are considered to be “open external standards” for the purposes of the Internet Standards Process.” Similarly, does not define open standards but does emphasize the importance of an “open process”, i.e., “any interested person can participate in the work, know what is being decided, and make [their] voice heard on the issue.” Open standards (and open source software) allow users to glean information about how the tools they are using work, including the tools’ security and privacy properties. They additionally allow for permissionless innovation, which is important to maintain the freedom and ability to freely create and deploy new protocols on top of the communications constructs that currently exist. It is at the heart of the Internet as we know it, and to maintain its fundamentally open nature, we need to be mindful of the need for developing open standards. All standards that need to be normatively implemented should be freely available and with reasonable protection for patent infringement claims, so it can also be implemented in open source or free software. Patents have often held back open standardization or been used against those deploying open standards, particularly in the domain of cryptography . An exemption of this is sometimes made when a protocol is standardized that normatively relies on specifications produced by others standards development organizations (SDOs) that are not freely available. Patents in open standards or in normative references to other standards should have a patent disclosure , royalty-free licensing , or some other form of fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms. Example: describes a system for providing critical end-user notifications to web browsers, which has been deployed by Comcast, an Internet Service Provider (ISP). Such a notification system is being used to provide near-immediate notifications to customers, such as to warn them that their traffic exhibits patterns that are indicative of malware or virus infection. There are other proprietary systems that can perform such notifications, but those systems utilize Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) technology. In contrast, that document describes a system that does not rely upon DPI, and is instead based on open IETF standards and open source applications. Impacts: Right to freedom of expression Right to participate in cultural life, arts and science

Question(s): Does your protocol support heterogeneity by design? Does your protocol allow for multiple types of hardware? Does your protocol allow for multiple types of application protocols? Is your protocol liberal in what it receives and handles? Will it remain usable and open if the context changes? Explanation: The Internet is characterized by heterogeneity on many levels: devices and nodes, router scheduling algorithms and queue management mechanisms, routing protocols, levels of multiplexing, protocol versions and implementations, underlying link layers (e.g., point-to-point, multi-access links, wireless, FDDI, etc.), in the traffic mix and in the levels of congestion at different times and places. Moreover, as the Internet is composed of autonomous organizations and ISPs, each with their own separate policy concerns, there is a large heterogeneity of administrative domains and pricing structures. As a result, the heterogeneity principle proposed in needs to be supported by design . Heterogeneity support in protocols can thus enable a wide range of devices and (by extension) users to participate on the network. Example: Heterogeneity significantly contributed to the success of the internet architecture . Niels Bohr famously said: “Prediction is very difficult, especially if it’s about the future”, this also holds true for future uses of the internet architecture and infrastructure. Therefore, as a rule of thumb it is important to - as far as possible - design your protocol for different devices and uses, especially at lower layers of the stack. However, if you choose not to do this, it could be relevant to document the reasoning for that. Impacts: Right to freedom of expression Right to political participation

Question(s): Question: Is your protocol written in a modular fashion and does it facilitate or hamper extensibility? In this sense, does your protocol impact permissionless innovation? (See Open Standards) Explanation: Adaptability is closely interrelated with permissionless innovation: both maintain the freedom and ability to freely create and deploy new protocols on top of the communications constructs that currently exist. It is at the heart of the Internet as we know it, and to maintain its fundamentally open nature, we need to be mindful of the impact of protocols on maintaining or reducing permissionless innovation to ensure the Internet can continue to develop. Adaptability and permissionless innovation can be used to shape information networks as preferenced by groups of users. Furthermore, a precondition of adaptability is the ability of the people who can adapt the network to be able to know and understand the network. This is why adaptability and permissionless innovation are inherently connected to the right to education and the right to science as well as the right to freedom of assembly and association as well as the right to freedom of expression. Since it allows the users of the network to determine how to assemble, collaborate, and express themselves. Example: WebRTC generates audio and/or video data. WebRTC can be used in different locations by different parties; WebRTC’s standard application programming interfaces (APIs) are developed to support applications from different voice service providers. Multiple parties will have similar capabilities, in order to ensure that all parties can build upon existing standards these need to be adaptable, and allow for permissionless innovation. Impacts: Right to education Right to science Right to freedom of expression Right to freedom of assembly and association

Question(s): Does your protocol maintain, assure and/or verify the accuracy of payload data? Does your protocol maintain and assure the consistency of data? Does your protocol in any way allow for the data to be (intentionally or unintentionally) altered? Explanation: Integrity refers to the maintenance and assurance of the accuracy and consistency of data to ensure it has not been (intentionally or unintentionally) altered. Example: Integrity verification of data is important to prevent vulnerabilities and attacks from on-path attackers. These attacks happen when a third party (often for malicious reasons) intercepts a communication between two parties, inserting themselves in the middle changing the content of the data. In practice this looks as follows: Alice wants to communicate with Bob. Alice sends a message to Bob, which Corinne intercepts and modifies. Bob cannot see that the data from Alice was altered by Corinne. Corinne intercepts and alters the communication as it is sent between Alice and Bob. Corinne is able to control the communication content. Impacts: Right to freedom of expression Right to security

Question(s): Do you have sufficient measures to confirm the truth of an attribute of a single piece of data or entity? Can the attributes get garbled along the way (see security)? If relevant, have you implemented IPsec, DNS Security (DNSSEC), HTTPS and other Standard Security Best Practices? Explanation: Authenticity ensures that data does indeed come from the source it claims to come from. This is important to prevent certain attacks or unauthorized access and use of data. At the same time, authentication should not be used as a way to prevent heterogeneity support, as is often done for vendor lock-in or digital rights management. Example: Authentication of data is important to prevent vulnerabilities, and attacks from on-path attackers. These attacks happen when a third party (often for malicious reasons) intercepts a communication between two parties, inserting themselves in the middle and posing as both parties. In practice this looks as follows: Alice wants to communicate with Bob. Alice sends data to Bob. Corinne intercepts the data sent to Bob. Corinne reads (and potentially alters) the message to Bob. Bob cannot see that the data did not come from Alice but from Corinne. With proper authentication, the scenario would be as follows: Alice wants to communicate with Bob. Alice sends data to Bob. Corinne intercepts the data sent to Bob. Corinne reads and alters the message to Bob. Bob is unable to verify whether that the data came from Alice. Impacts: Right to privacy Right to freedom of expression Right to security

Question(s): Does the protocol expose the transmitted data over the wire? Does the protocol expose information related to identifiers or data? If so, what does it reveal to each protocol entity (i.e., recipients, intermediaries, and enablers) ? What options exist for protocol implementers to choose to limit the information shared with each entity? What operational controls are available to limit the information shared with each entity? What controls or consent mechanisms does the protocol define or require before personal data or identifiers are shared or exposed via the protocol? If no such mechanisms or controls are specified, is it expected that control and consent will be handled outside of the protocol? Does the protocol provide ways for initiators to share different pieces of information with different recipients? If not, are there mechanisms that exist outside of the protocol to provide initiators with such control? Does the protocol provide ways for initiators to limit the sharing or express individuals’ preferences to recipients or intermediaries with regard to the collection, use, or disclosure of their personal data? If not, are there mechanisms that exist outside of the protocol to provide users with such control? Is it expected that users will have relationships that govern the use of the information (contractual or otherwise) with those who operate these intermediaries? Does the protocol prefer encryption over clear text operation? Explanation: Confidentiality refers to keeping your data secret from unintended listeners . The growth of the Internet depends on users having confidence that the network protects their personal data . The possibility of pervasive monitoring and surveillance undermines users’ trust, and can be mitigated by ensuring confidentiality, i.e., passive attackers should gain little or no information from observation or inference of protocol activity. . Example: Protocols that do not encrypt their payload make the entire content of the communication available to the idealized attacker along their path. Following the advice in , most such protocols have a secure variant that encrypts the payload for confidentiality, and these secure variants are seeing ever-wider deployment. A noteworthy exception is DNS , as DNSSEC does not have confidentiality as a requirement. This implies that, in the absence of the use of more recent standards like DNS over TLS or DNS over HTTPS , all DNS queries and answers generated by the activities of any protocol are available to the attacker. When store-and-forward protocols are used (e.g., SMTP ), intermediaries leave this data subject to observation by an attacker that has compromised these intermediaries, unless the data is encrypted end-to-end by the application-layer protocol or the implementation uses an encrypted store for this data . Impacts: Right to privacy Right to security

Question(s): Did you have a look at Guidelines for Writing RFC Text on Security Considerations ? Have you found any attacks that are somewhat related to your protocol/specification, yet considered out of scope of your document? Would these attacks be pertinent to the human rights enabling features of the Internet (as described throughout this document)? Explanation: Security is not a single monolithic property of a protocol or system, but rather a series of related but somewhat independent properties. Not all of these properties are required for every application. Since communications are carried out by systems and access to systems is through communications channels, security goals obviously interlock, but they can also be independently provided. . Typically, any protocol operating on the Internet can be the target of passive attacks (when the attacker can access and read packets on the network); active attacks (when an attacker is capable of writing information to the network packets). Example: See . Impacts: Right to freedom of expression Right to freedom of assembly and association Right to non-discrimination Right to security

Question(s): Did you have a look at the Guidelines in the Privacy Considerations for Internet Protocols section 7? Does your protocol maintain the confidentiality of metadata? Could your protocol counter traffic analysis? Does your protocol adhere to data minimization principles? Does your document identify potentially sensitive data logged by your protocol and/or for how long that needs to be retained for technical reasons? Explanation: Privacy refers to the right of an entity (normally a person), acting on its own behalf, to determine the degree to which it will interact with its environment, including the degree to which the entity is willing to share its personal information with others. . If a protocol provides insufficient privacy protection it may have a negative impact on freedom of expression as users self-censor for fear of surveillance, or find themselves unable to express themselves freely. Example: See Impacts: Right to freedom of expression Right to privacy Right to non-discrimination

Question(s): Does your protocol make use of identifiers? Are these identifiers persistent? Are they used across multiple contexts? Is it possible for the user to reset or rotate them without negatively impacting the operation fo the protocol? Are they visible to others besides the protocol endpoints? Are they tied to real-world identities? Have you considered the Privacy Considerations for Internet Protocols , especially section 6.1.2? Explanation: Most protocols depend on the use of some kind of identifier in order to correlate activity over time and space. For instance: IP addresses are used as an identity for the source and destination for IP datagrams. QUIC connection identifiers are used to correlate packets belonging to the same connection. HTTP uses cookies to correlate multiple HTTP requests from the same client. Email uses email addresses of the form example@example.com to identify senders and receivers. In general, these identifiers serve a necessary function for protocol operations, by allowing them to maintain continuity. However, they can also create privacy risks. There are two major ways in which those risks manifest: The identifier may itself reveal the user’s identity in some way or be tied to an identifier which does, as is the case when E.164 (telephone) numbers are used as identifiers for instant messaging systems. While the identifier may not reveal the user’s identity, it may make it possible to link enough of a user’s behavior to threaten their privacy, as is the case with HTTP cookies. Because identifiers are necessary for protocol operation, true anonymity is very difficult to achieve, but there are practices which promote user privacy even when identifiers are used. Impacts: Right to non-discrimination Right to freedom of expression Right to political participation Right to freedom of assembly and association

In general, user privacy is better preserved when identifiers are pseudonymous (not tied to a user’s real-world identity). Example: In the development of the IPv6 protocol, it was discussed to embed a Media Access Control (MAC) address into unique IP addresses. This would make it possible for eavesdroppers and other information collectors to identify when different addresses used in different transactions actually correspond to the same node. This is why standardization efforts like Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6 and MAC address randomization have been pursued. Note that it is often attractive to try to create a pseudonym from a persistent identifier. This can be very difficult to do correctly in a way that does not allow for recovering the persistent identifiers. Example: A common practice in Web tracking is to “encrypt” email addresses by hashing them, thus allegedly making them “non-personally identifying”. However, because hash functions are public operations, it is possible to dictionary search candidate email addresses and recover the original address .

Even true pseudonymous identifiers can present a privacy risk if they are used across a wide enough scope. User privacy is better preserved if identifiers have limited scope both in time and space. Example: An example is Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) where sending a persistent identifier as the client name was not mandatory but, in practice, done by many implementations, before . Example: Third party cookies in HTTP allow trackers to correlate HTTP traffic across sites. This is the foundation of a whole ecosystem of Web tracking. Increasingly, Web browsers are restricting the use of third party cookies in order to protect user privacy.

Question(s): Does your protocol architecture facilitate censorship? Does it include “choke points” which are easy to use for censorship? Does it expose identifiers which can be used to selectively block certain kinds of trafic? Could it be designed to be more censorship resistant? Does your protocol make it apparent or transparent when access to a resource is restricted and the reasons why it is restricted? Explanation: Governments and service providers block or filter content or traffic, often without the knowledge of end-users. See for a survey of censorship techniques employed across the world, which lays out protocol properties that have been exploited to censor access to information. Censorship resistance refers to the methods and measures to prevent Internet censorship. Example: The current design of the Web has a number of architectural choke points where it is possible for censors to intervene. These include obtaining the control of the domain name itself, DNS blocking at either the protocol layer or at the resolver, IP address blocking, and blocking at the Web server. There has been extensive work on content distribution systems which are intended to be more censorship resistant, and some, such as BitTorrent, are in wide use, but these systems may have inferior reliability and performance compared to the Web (e.g., they do not support active content on the server). Example: Identifiers of content exposed within a protocol might be used to facilitate censorship by allowing the censor to determine which traffic to block. DNS queries, the “host” request header in an HTTP request, the Server Name Indication (SNI) in a Transport Layer Security (TLS) ClientHello are all examples of protocol elements that can travel in plaintext and be used by censors to identify what content a user is trying to access. . Protocol mechanisms such as Encrypted Client Hello or DNS over HTTPS that encrypt metadata provide some level of resistance to this type of protocol inspection. Full traffic encryption systems such as Tor [https://torproject.org] can also be used by people access otherwise censored resources. Example: As noted above, one way to censor Web traffic is to require the server to block it or require internet service providers to block requests to the server. In HTTP, denial or restriction of access can be made apparent by the use of status code 451, which allows server operators and intermediaries to operate with greater transparency in circumstances where issues of law or public policy affect their operation . If a protocol potentially enables censorship, protocol designers should strive towards creating error codes that capture different scenarios (blocked due to administrative policy, unavailable because of legal requirements, etc.) to minimize ambiguity for end-users. Impacts: Right to freedom of expression Right to political participation Right to participate in cultural life, arts, and science Right to freedom of assembly and association

Question(s): Are the intended and forseen effects of your protocol documented and easily comprehensible? Explanation: Certain technical choices may have unintended consequences. Have you described the central use case(s) for your protocol with a clear description of expected behavior and how it may, or may not, impact other protocols, implementations, user expectations, or behavior? Have you reviewed other protocols that solve similar problems, or make use of similar mechanisms, to see if there are lessons that can be learnt from their use and misuse? Example: Lack of authenticity may lead to lack of integrity and negative externalities, of which spam is an example. Lack of data that could be used for billing and accounting can lead to so-called “free” arrangements which obscure the actual costs and distribution of the costs, for example the barter arrangements that are commonly used for Internet interconnection; and the commercial exploitation of personal data for targeted advertising which is the most common funding model for the so-called “free” services such as search engines and social networks. Unexpected outcomes might not be technical, but rather architectural, social or economic. Therefore it is of importance to document the intended outcomes and other possible outcomes that have been considered. Impacts: Right to freedom of expression Right to privacy Right to freedom of assembly and association Right to access to information

Question(s): Is your protocol designed to provide an enabling environment for all? Have you looked at the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative for examples and guidance? Explanation: Sometimes in the design of protocols, websites, web technologies, or web tools, barriers are created that exclude people from using the Web. The Internet should be designed to work for all people, whatever their hardware, software, language, culture, location, or physical or mental ability. When the Internet technologies meet this goal, it will be accessible to people with a diverse range of hearing, movement, sight, and cognitive ability. Example: The HTML protocol as defined in specifically requires that every image must have an alt attribute (with a few exceptions) to ensure images are accessible for people that cannot themselves decipher non-text content in web pages. Another example is the work done in the AVT and AVTCORE working groups in the IETF that enables text conversation in multimedia, text telephony, wireless multimedia and video communications for sign language and lip-reading (i.e., ). Impacts: Right to non-discrimination Right to freedom of assembly and association Right to education Right to political participation

Question(s): Can your protocol be implemented without a single point of control? If applicable, can your protocol be deployed in a federated manner? Does your protocol create additional centralized points of control? Explanation: Decentralization is one of the central technical concepts of the architecture of the Internet, and is embraced as such by the IETF . It refers to the absence or minimization of centralized points of control, a feature that is assumed to make it easy for new users to join and new uses to unfold . It also reduces issues surrounding single points of failure, and distributes the network such that it continues to function even if one or several nodes are disabled. With the commercialization of the Internet in the early 1990s, there has been a slow move away from decentralization, to the detriment of the technical benefits of having a decentralized Internet. For a more detailed discussion of this topic, please see . Example: The bits traveling the Internet are increasingly susceptible to monitoring and censorship, from both governments and ISPs, as well as third (malicious) parties. The ability to monitor and censor is further enabled by the increased centralization of the network that creates central infrastructure points that can be tapped into. The creation of peer-to-peer networks and the development of voice-over-IP protocols using peer-to-peer technology in combination with distributed hash table (DHT) for scalability are examples of how protocols can preserve decentralization . Impacts: Right to freedom of expression Right to freedom of assembly and association

Question(s): Can your protocol facilitate a negatively impacted party’s right to remedy without disproportionately impacting other parties’ human rights, especially their right to privacy? Explanation: Providing access to remedy by states and corporations is a part of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights . Access to remedy may help victims of human rights violations in seeking justice, or allow law enforcement agencies to identify a possible violator. However, mechanisms in protocols that try to enable ‘attribution’ to individuals will impede the exercise of the right to privacy. The former UN Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression has also argued that anonymity is an inherent part of freedom of expression . Considering the potential adverse impact of attribution on the right to privacy and freedom of expression, enabling attribution on an individual level is most likely not consistent with human rights. Example: Adding personally identifiable information to data streams as a means to enable the human right to remedy might help in identifying a violator of human rights and provide access to remedy, but this would disproportionally affect all users right to privacy, anonymous expression, and association. Furthermore, there are some recent advances in enabling abuse detection in end-to-end encrypted messaging systems, which also carry some risk to users’ privacy . Impacts: Right to remedy Right to security Right to privacy

Question(s): Have you considered potential negative consequences (individual or societal) that your protocol or document might have? Explanation: Publication of a particular RFC under a certain status has consequences. Publication as an Internet Standard as part of the Standards Track may signal to implementers that the specification has a certain level of maturity, operational experience, and consensus. Similarly, publication of a specification an experimental document as part of the non-standards track would signal to the community that the document “may be intended for eventual standardization but [may] not yet [be] ready” for wide deployment. The extent of the deployment, and consequently its overall impact on end-users, may depend on the document status presented in the RFC. See and updates to it for a fuller explanation.