]> Mozilla

mt@lowentropy.net

Private Octopus Inc.

huitema@huitema.net

Fastly

kazuhooku@gmail.com

Meta

matt.joras@gmail.com

Ericsson

marcus.ihlar@ericsson.com

Web and Internet Transport SCONE locomotive pastry This document describes a protocol where on-path network elements can give endpoints their perspective on what the maximum achievable throughput might be for QUIC flows. About This Document The latest revision of this draft can be found at . Status information for this document may be found at . Discussion of this document takes place on the SCONE Working Group mailing list (), which is archived at . Subscribe at . Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at .

Introduction Many networks have known, concrete rate limits, or apply these limits by policy to constrain data rates. This is often done without any indication to applications. The result can be that application performance is degraded, as the manner in which rate limits are enforced can be incompatible with the rate estimation or congestion control algorithms used at endpoints. Having the network indicate what its rate limiting policy is, in a way that is accessible to endpoints, allows applications to use this information when adapting their send rate. The Standard Communication with Network Elements (SCONE) protocol is negotiated by QUIC endpoints. SCONE provides a means for networks to signal the maximum available sustained throughput, or throughput advice, associated with the flows of UDP datagrams that QUIC exchanges. Any network function that is able to update the content of UDP datagrams qualifies as a network element that can participate in SCONE and provide throughput advice to QUIC endpoints. Networks with rate limiting policies can use SCONE to send throughput advice to cooperating endpoints to limit overall network usage. Where congestion control signals -- such as ECN, delays and loss -- operate on a time scale of a round trip time, throughput advice operates over a much longer period. This has benefits in some networks as endpoints can adapt network usage to better suit network conditions. For example, radio networks and battery-powered devices perform better with short, bursty exchanges, rather than constant transmission at a fixed rate. For endpoints, SCONE throughput advice makes network policies visible, which can reduce wasteful probing beyond those limits.

Overview QUIC endpoints can negotiate the use of SCONE by including a transport parameter () in the QUIC handshake. Endpoints then occasionally coalesce a SCONE packet with ordinary QUIC packets that they send. Network elements that have rate limiting policies can detect flows that include SCONE packets. The network element can indicate a maximum sustained throughput by modifying the SCONE packet as it transits the network element. The propagation of SCONE packets, including the throughput advice that is added, is shown in .

Propagation of SCONE signal | SCONE+advice | | +QUIC +---- +QUIC --->| | | | Validate QUIC packet | | | and record rate | | | ]]>

QUIC endpoints that receive modified SCONE packets observe the indicated version, process the QUIC packet, and then record the indicated rate. Throughput advice only apply to the direction and path for which they are received. A connection that migrates or uses multipath cannot assume that throughput advice from one path apply to new paths. Advice for the client-to-server direction and the server-to-client direction of each path are independent, and are expected to be different, for reasons including asymmetric link capacity and path diversity. Applications may choose to utilize SCONE in either or both direction(s) of each path as they see fit.

Applicability This protocol only works for flows that use the SCONE packet (). The protocol requires that packets are modified as they transit a network element, which provides endpoints strong evidence that the network element has the power to apply a rate limiting policy; though see for potential limitations on this. The throughput advice signal that this protocol carries is independent of congestion signals, limited to a single path and UDP packet flow, unidirectional, and strictly advisory.

Independent of Congestion Signals Throughput advice signals are not a substitute for congestion feedback or congestion control. Congestion signals, such as acknowledgments or ECN markings , provide information on loss and delay that indicate the real-time condition of a network path. Congestion signals might indicate a throughput limit that is different from the signaled throughput advice. Endpoints cannot assume that the rate indicated in throughput advice is achievable if congestion signals indicate otherwise. Congestion could be experienced at a different point on the network path than the network element that signals throughput advice. Therefore, endpoints need to respect the send rate constraints that are set by a congestion controller. Networks can use SCONE to communicate throughput advice for reasons other than rate limiting policies. For example, a network element in an access network could provide throughput advice to guide application use of network capacity, in any way that is separate from any signals that are intended to influence congestion response. In addition to rate limiting policies, throughput advice can indicate temporary increases in available capacity or temporarily reduced capacity. This includes persistent overuse, equipment faults, or other transient issues. Providing advice is applicable if increases or reductions are expected to last for more than one monitoring period; see .

Unspecified Scope Modifying a packet does not prove that the throughput that is indicated would be achievable. A signal that is sent for a specific flow is likely enforced at a different scope. The extent of that scope is not carried in the signal. For instance, policy limits might apply at a network subscription level, such that multiple flows receive the same signal, but usage all contributes to a shared policy limit. Endpoints can therefore be more confident in the throughput signal as an indication of the maximum achievable throughput than as any indication of expected throughput. In addition to endpoints respecting congestion signals (see ), networks might need to monitor and enforce policies, even where applications attempt to follow advice (see ). The advised throughput will likely only be achievable when the application is the only user of throughput within the scope that the advice applies to. In the presence of other flows, congestion limits are likely to determine actual throughput. This implies that signals can most usefully be applied to a downlink flow in access networks, close to an endpoint. In that case, capacity is less likely to be split between multiple active flows.

Per-Flow Signal The same UDP address tuple might be used for multiple QUIC connections. A single signal might be lost or only reach a single application endpoint. Network elements can apply SCONE advice to all QUIC connections that include SCONE packets to ensure that advice is received by all application endpoints. The signaled advice applies to the flow of packets on the same UDP address tuple for the duration of the current monitoring period, unless it is updated earlier or the flow ends; see for details on the monitoring period. Rate limiting policies often apply on the level of a device or subscription, but endpoints cannot assume that this is the case. A separate signal can be sent for each flow.

Undirectional Signal Throughput advice is signaled with SCONE packets that are transmitted as part of the flow that the advice applies to. Carrying signals in the affected flow, in the same way that ECN signals are conveyed, ensures that there is no ambiguity about what flow is affected. However, this means that the endpoint that receives throughput advice is not the endpoint that might need to adapt its sending behavior. A receiving endpoint might need to communicate the value it receives to the sending peer in order to ensure that the limit is respected. This document does not define how that signaling occurs as this is specific to the application in use.

Advisory Signal Throughput advice indicates what one part of the network expects to be achievable for flows that transit that portion of the network. It is possible that very different throughput is achievable -- either higher or lower than the advice -- as determined by congestion control. Endpoints that receive this signal therefore need to treat the information as advisory. The fact that an endpoint requests throughput advice does not necessarily mean that it will adhere to them; in some cases, the endpoint cannot. For example, a flow may initially be used to serve video chunks, with the client selecting appropriate chunks based on received advice, but later switch to a bulk download for which bitrate adaptation that cannot be similarly controlled. Composite flows from multiple applications, such as tunneled flows, might only have a subset of the involved applications that are capable of handling SCONE signals. Therefore, when a network element detects that throughput exceeds the advertised throughput advice, it might switch to applying its policies for non-SCONE flows, using congestion control signals. Network conditions and rate-limit policies can change in ways that make previously signaled advice obsolete. For example, routing changes can cause a flow to move to a different network path. There are no guarantees that updated advice will be sent at such events.

Following Advice The SCONE throughput advice is advisory (see ). Applications that chose to follow it will do so in the way that best suits their needs. The most obvious way to keep within the limits set by throughput advice is to inform the sending peer of the limit so that the peer can do whatever rate limiting is necessary. Alternatively, a receiver can control the release of flow control credit (see ) to indirectly limit the sending rate of a peer. Some applications offer options for rate control that can offer superior outcomes. Most video applications, especially real-time and streaming video applications, can adapt their use of network bandwidth. For instance, typical HTTP Live Streaming or DASH clients are provided with manifests that allow them to adjust the bitrate and quality of media segments based on available network capacity.

Conventions and Definitions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

SCONE Packet A SCONE packet is a QUIC long header packet that follows the QUIC invariants; see . shows the format of the SCONE packet using the conventions from .

SCONE Packet Format

The most significant bit (0x80) of the packet indicates that this is a QUIC long header packet. The next bit (0x40) is reserved and can be set according to . The Rate Signal High Bits field consists of the low six bits (0x3f) of the first byte. Together with the most significant bit of the Version field, this forms the 7-bit Rate Signal. Values for the Rate Signal are described in . The Version field contains either 0x6f7dc0fd or 0xef7dc0fd. The only difference between these two values is the most significant bit, which also contributes to the Rate Signal. All other bits are identical, which facilitates detection and modification of SCONE packets. This packet includes a Destination Connection ID field that is set to the same value as other packets in the same datagram; see . The Source Connection ID field is set to match the Source Connection ID field of any packet that follows. If the next packet in the datagram does not have a Source Connection ID field, which is the case for packets with a short header (), the Source Connection ID field is empty. SCONE packets MUST be included as the first packet in a datagram. This is primarily to simplify the process of updating throughput advice in network elements. This is also necessary in many cases for QUIC versions 1 and 2 because packets with a short header cannot precede any other packets.

Rate Signals A Rate Signal is a 7-bit unsigned integer (0-127). The high six bits are the Rate Signal High Bits, and the least significant bit is the most significant bit of the Version field. When sent by a QUIC endpoint, the Rate Signal is set to 127. Receiving a value of 127 indicates that throughput advice is unknown, either because network elements on the path are not providing advice or they do not support SCONE. All other values (0 through 126) represent the ceiling of rates advised by the network element(s) on the path. Throughput advice follows a logarithmic scale defined as:

• Base rate (b_min) = 100 Kbps
• Bitrate at value n = b_min * 10^(n/20)

where n is an integer between 0 and 126 represented by the Rate Signal. lists some of the potential values for signals and the corresponding bitrate for each. Examples of SCONE signals and corresponding rates

Bitrate	Rate Signal
100 Kbps	0
112 Kbps	1
126 Kbps	2
141 Kbps	3
1 Mbps	20
1.12 Mbps	21
10 Mbps	40
11.2 Mbps	41
100 Mbps	60
112 Mbps	61
1 Gbps	80
1.12 Gbps	81
10 Gbps	100
11.2 Gbps	101
100 Gbps	120
112 Gbps	121
199.5 Gbps	126
Unknown	127

Monitoring Period The time over which throughput advice applies is defined to be a period of 67 seconds. Protocol participants can use a different period, depending on their role. Senders can limit their send rate over any time period up to 67 seconds. Network elements can monitor and apply limits to send rates using time period of at least 67 seconds. The choice of 67 seconds is a compromise between competing interests. Longer periods allow applications more flexibility in terms of how to allocate bandwidth over time. Shorter periods allow networks to administer policies more tightly. Also, when circumstances change, applications are better able recover without exceeding limits for a significant time if they have exceeded limits. The choice of 67 seconds, as a prime number, also helps avoid synchronization with other periodic effects that are commonly measured in whole seconds. This includes segment length or key frame intervals in video applications, but also includes timers for middleboxes; see . Any repeating phenomenon at a 67 second interval is therefore unlikely to be due to other periodic effects.

Endpoint Processing of SCONE Packets Processing a SCONE packet involves reading the value from the Rate Signal field. However, this value MUST NOT be used unless another packet from the same datagram is successfully processed. Therefore, a SCONE packet always needs to be coalesced with other QUIC packets. A SCONE packet is defined by the use of the long header bit (0x80 in the first byte) and the SCONE protocol version (0x6f7dc0fd or 0xef7dc0fd in the next four bytes). The 7-bit Rate Signal can be extracted by combining the low 6 bits of the first byte with the most significant bit of the version field. A SCONE packet MAY be discarded, along with any packets that come after it in the same datagram, if the Source Connection ID is not consistent with those coalesced packets, as specified in . A SCONE packet is discarded if the rate signal is unknown (127). A SCONE packet MUST be discarded if the Destination Connection ID does not match one recognized by the receiving endpoint. If a connection uses multiple DSCP markings , the throughput advice that is received on datagrams with one marking might not apply to datagrams that have different markings.

Following Throughput Advice Endpoints that receive throughput advice can advise their peer of the limit so that the peer might limit the amount of data it sends over any monitoring period (). Alternatively, the endpoint might change its own behavior to effect a similar outcome indirectly, which might use flow control or changes to request patterns. An endpoint that receives throughput advice might receive multiple different values. If advice is applied by applications, applications MUST apply the lowest throughput advice received during any monitoring period; see . After a monitoring period () without receiving throughput advice, any previous advice expires. Endpoints can remove any constraints placed on throughput based on receiving throughput advice. This does not mean that there are no limits, either in policy or due to network conditions, only that these limits are now unknown. Other constraints on usage will still apply, which necessarily includes congestion control and might include other, application-specific constraints. The relatively long duration of the monitoring period means that this is preferable to disabling sending completely. The cost is that loss of information about recent send rate might result in temporarily exceeding the rates indicated by throughput advice. In comparison, applications retain throughput usage state when throughput advice increases. This approach ensures that network elements are able to reduce the frequency with which they send updated signals to as low as once per monitoring period. However, applying signals at a low frequency risks throughput advice being reset if no SCONE packet is available for applying signals (), or the rewritten packets are lost. Sending the signal multiple times increases the likelihood that the signal is received.

Negotiating SCONE A QUIC endpoint indicates that it is able to receive SCONE packets by including the scone_supported transport parameter (0x219e). Each endpoint independently indicates willingness to receive SCONE packets. An endpoint that does not include the scone_supported transport parameter can send SCONE packets if their peer includes the transport parameter. The scone_supported transport parameter MUST be empty. Receiving a non-zero length scone_supported transport parameter MUST be treated as a connection error of type TRANSPORT_PARAMETER_ERROR; see . This transport parameter is valid for QUIC versions 1 and 2 and any other version that recognizes the versions, transport parameters, and frame types registries established in Sections , , and of .

Indicating Support on New Flows All new flows that are initiated by a client that supports SCONE MUST include bytes with values 0xc8 and 0x13 as the last two bytes of datagrams that commence a new flow if the protocol permits it. This indication MUST be sent in every datagram until the client receives any datagram from the server, at which point the client can be confident that the indication was received. A client that uses a QUIC version that includes length-delimited packets, which includes QUIC versions 1 and 2 , can include an indicator of SCONE support at the end of datagrams that start a flow. The handshakes of these protocols ensures that the indication can be included in every datagram the client sends until it receives a response -- of any kind -- from the server.

Limitations of Indication This indication does not mean that SCONE signals will be respected, only that the client is able to negotiate SCONE. A server might not support SCONE and either endpoint might choose not to send SCONE packets. Finally, applications might be unable to apply throughput advice or choose to ignore it. This indication being just two bytes means that there is a non-negligible risk of collision with other protocols or even QUIC usage without SCONE indications. This means that the indication alone is not sufficient to indicate that a flow is QUIC with the potential for SCONE support. Despite these limitations, having an indication might allow network elements to change their starting posture with respect to their enforcement of their rate limit policies.

Indications for Migrated Flows Applications MAY decide to indicate support for SCONE on new flows, including when migrating to a new path (see ). In QUIC version 1 and 2, the two byte indicator cannot be used. Sending a SCONE packet for the first few packets on a new path gives network elements on that path the ability to recognize the flow as being able to receive throughput advice and also gives the network element an opportunity to provide that throughput advice. To enable this indication, even if an endpoint would not otherwise send SCONE packets, endpoints can send a SCONE packet any time they send a QUIC PATH_CHALLENGE or PATH_RESPONSE frame. This applies to both client and server endpoints, but only if the peer has sent the transport parameter; see .

Network Deployment QUIC endpoints can enable the use of the SCONE protocol by sending SCONE packets . Network elements can then use SCONE and replace the Rate Signal field () according to their policies.

Applying Throughput Advice Signals A network element detects a SCONE packet by observing that a packet has a QUIC long header and one of the SCONE protocol versions (0x6f7dc0fd or 0xef7dc0fd). A network element then conditionally replaces the most significant bit of the Version field and the Rate Signal High Bits field with values of its choosing. A network element might receive a packet that already includes a rate signal. The network element replaces the rate signal if it wishes to signal a lower value for throughput advice; otherwise, the original values are retained, preserving the signal from the network element with the lower policy. The following pseudocode indicates how a network element might detect a SCONE packet and replace the existing rate signal (packet_signal) with a new rate signal (target_signal) that encodes the throughput advice of this network element. > 31) if target_signal < packet_signal: packet[0] = (packet[0] & 0xc0) | (target_signal >> 1) packet[1] = (packet[1] & 0x7f) | (target_signal << 7) ]]> Once the throughput advice signal is updated, the network element updates the UDP checksum for the datagram. To avoid throughput advice expiring, a network element needs to ensure that it sends updated rate signals with no more than a monitoring period () between each update. Because this depends on the availability of SCONE packets and packet loss can cause signals to be missed, network elements might need to update more often. Ideally, network elements update advice in SCONE packets at least twice per monitoring period, to match endpoint behavior (see ). At the start of a flow, network elements are encouraged to update the rate signal of the first few SCONE packets it observes so that endpoints can obtain throughput advice early. Senders that send a SCONE packet or network elements that update SCONE packets every 20–30 seconds is likely sufficient to ensure that throughput advice is not lost. To reduce the risk of synchronization across multiple senders, which may cause network elements to miss updates, senders can include a small random delay. A network element MUST NOT alter datagrams to add SCONE packets or synthesize datagrams that contain SCONE packets. The latter will not be accepted and the former, even if they do not exceed the path MTU as a result, can be detected by applications and could be ignored. This document does not define a mechanism to support detection, but one might be added in future.

Monitoring Flows Sending throughput advice is optional for any network. A network that sends throughput advice might, also optionally, choose to monitor flows to determine whether applications are following advice. This section outlines a method that a network element could use to determine whether advice is being followed. Network deployments that choose to monitor are free to follow any monitoring regime that suits their needs. This monitoring algorithm is guidance only. However, monitoring any more strictly than the following could mean that an application might be incorrectly classified as not following advice. A looser monitoring approach, such as monitoring over a longer time window than the monitoring period (67s) or using a higher rate than is signaled, has no risk of incorrect classification. When a network changes the value it intends to signal, applications need time to adjust their sending behavior. As a result, any monitoring needs to allow time for SCONE packets to be updated, for those packets to be received by endpoints, and for applications to adapt. A network element can then monitor affected flows to determine whether the throughput advice it provided was followed. A network element SHOULD base its monitoring on the maximum value that was configured to apply during the preceding two monitoring periods. If the network element cannot update the throughput advice in every SCONE packet (or can do so only infrequently), a longer period might be used to account for the possibility that the updated SCONE packets are lost. This allows applications time to receive advice and adapt their sending rate. Any monitoring and policy enforcement could be implemented in different network elements than the ones that signal throughput advice. However, network elements MUST NOT enforce throughput based on throughput advice found in SCONE packets received from other entities, because unlike endpoints, network elements do not have the capability to validate other QUIC packets contained in the same datagram; see .

Flows That Exceed Throughput Advice A network could deploy policy enforcement that drops or delays packets to ensure that applications do not exceed throughput limits set in policy. SCONE allows networks to provide advice to applications, so that stricter limits, which can be inefficient and lead to worse application performance, are not necessary in all cases. Some applications will not support SCONE. Other applications either will not or cannot follow throughput advice. Networks can monitor flows to determine if applications follow advice; see . A network could choose to either disable or loosen policy enforcement for flows where SCONE is active, but re-enable or tighten enforcement if monitoring indicates that throughput advice is not being respected.

Version Interaction The SCONE protocol defines two versions (0x6f7dc0fd and 0xef7dc0fd) that cover different ranges of bitrates. This design allows for:

• Support for both very low bitrates (down to 100 Kbps) and very high bitrates (up to 199.5 Gbps)
• Graceful handling of network elements that might only recognize one version.

Providing Opportunities to Apply Throughput Advice Signals Endpoints that wish to offer network elements the option to add throughput advice signals can send SCONE packets at any time. This is a decision that a sender makes when constructing datagrams. When sending SCONE packets, endpoints MUST include the SCONE packet as the first packet in a datagram, coalesced with additional packets. Upon confirmation that the peer is willing to receive SCONE packets, an endpoint SHOULD include SCONE packets in the first few UDP datagrams that it sends. Doing so increases the likelihood of eliciting early throughput advice from network elements, allowing applications to apply that advice from the early stages of the data transfer. After that, endpoints that seek to receive throughput advice on a flow MUST send a SCONE packet at least twice each monitoring period; see . Sending SCONE packets more often might be necessary to:

Avoid missing advice:

If SCONE packets are not sent, updated, and received for an entire monitoring period, an application might incorrectly assume that no advice is being provided.

Reduce latency:

The time between SCONE packets determines the maximum delay between changes in throughput advice and when that advice can be received and acted upon.

A sender can track the receipt of the coalesced QUIC packet and send another SCONE packet when loss is detected. However, it is likely simpler to send SCONE packets more often. Sending a SCONE packet every 20–30 seconds is likely sufficient to ensure that throughput advice is not lost, though endpoints might send a packet every few seconds to improve responsiveness. This period could be determined by how quickly an application is able to respond to a change in throughput advice. For example, a streaming application that fetches video segments that are 5 seconds in length might send SCONE packets on a similar cadence. A real-time conferencing application might send more often. In either case, the length of the monitoring period () limits how fast any application can react. Though sending SCONE packets more than once each round trip time might help reduce exposure to packet loss, it is better to spread updates over time rather than to send multiple SCONE packets in less frequent bursts. The main cost associated with sending SCONE packets is the reduction in available space in datagrams for application data. A network element that wishes to signal updated throughput advice waits for the next SCONE packet in the desired direction; see .

Feedback To Sender About Signals Information about throughout advice is intended for the sending application. Any signal from network elements can be propagated to the receiving application using an implementation-defined mechanism. This document does not define a means for indicating what was received. That is, the expectation is that any signal is propagated to the application for handling, not handled automatically by the transport layer. How a receiving application communicates the throughput advice signal to a sending application will depend on the application in use. Different applications can choose different approaches. For example, in an application where a receiver drives rate adaptation, it might not be necessary to define additional signaling. A sender can use any acknowledgment mechanism provided by the QUIC version in use to learn whether datagrams containing SCONE packets were likely received. This might help inform whether to send additional SCONE packets in the event that a datagram is lost. However, rather than relying on transport signals, an application might be better able to indicate what has been received and processed. SCONE packets could be stripped from datagrams in the network, which cannot be reliably detected. This could result in a sender falsely believing that no network element applied a throughput advice signal. Senders will therefore proceed as though there was no advice.

Interactions with Congestion Control SCONE and congestion control both provide the application with estimates of a path capacity. They are complementary. Congestion control algorithms are typically designed to quickly detect and react to congestion, i.e., to the "minimum" capacity of a path. SCONE informs the endpoint of the maximum capacity of a path based on network rate limit policy, network conditions, or a combination of the two. Consider for example a path in which the bottleneck router implements some form of Early Congestion Notification . If the path capacity diminishes, queues will build up and the router will immediately start increasing the rate at which packets are marked as "Congestion Experienced". The receiving endpoint will notice these marks, and inform its peer. The incoming congestion will be detected in 1 round trip time (RTT). This scenario will play out whatever the reason for the change in capacity, whether due to increased competition between multiple applications or, for example, to a change in capacity of a wireless channel.

Security Considerations The modification of packets provides endpoints proof that a network element is in a position to drop datagrams and could apply a rate limit policy. states that endpoints only accept signals if the datagram contains a packet that it accepts to prevent an off-path attacker from inserting spurious throughput advice signals. Some off-path attackers may be able to both observe traffic and inject packets. Attackers with such capabilities could observe packets sent by an endpoint, create datagrams coalescing an arbitrary SCONE packet and the observed packet, and send these datagrams such that they arrive at the peer endpoint before the original packet. Spoofed packets that seek to advertise a higher limit than might otherwise be permitted also need to bypass any rate limiters. The attacker will thus get arbitrary SCONE packets accepted by the peer, with the result being that the endpoint receives a false or misleading rate limit. The recipient of a throughput advice signal therefore cannot guarantee that the signal was generated by an on-path network element. However, the capabilities required of an off-path attacker are substantially similar to those of on path elements. The actual value of the throughput advice signal is not authenticated. Any signal might be incorrectly set in order to encourage endpoints to behave in ways that are not in their interests. Endpoints are free to ignore limits that they think are incorrect. The congestion controller employed by a sender provides real-time information about the rate at which the network path is delivering data. Similarly, if there is a strong need to ensure that throughput advice is respected, network elements cannot assume that the signaled advice will be respected by endpoints.

Fake SCONE Packets Attackers that can inject packets could compose arbitrary "SCONE-like" packets by selecting a pair of IP addresses and ports, an arbitrary rate signal, a valid SCONE version number, an arbitrary "destination connection ID", and an arbitrary "source connection ID". A coalesced "1RTT" packet will start with a plausible first octet, and continue with the selected destination connection ID followed by a sufficiently long series of random bytes, mimicking the content of an encrypted packet. Endpoints will reject such packets because they do not contain valid QUIC packets, but network elements cannot detect this. All the network elements between the injection point and the destination will have to process these packets. Attackers could send a high volume of these "fake" SCONE packets in a denial of service (DOS) attempt against network elements. The attack will force the intermediaries to process the fake packets. If network elements are keeping state for ongoing SCONE flows, this might exhaust memory resources. The mitigation is the same as for other distributed DOS attacks: limit the rate of SCONE packets that a network element is willing to process; possibly, implement logic to distinguish valid SCONE packets from fake packets; or, use generic protection against Distributed DOS attacks. Attackers could also try to craft the fake SCONE packets in ways that trigger a processing error at network elements. For example, they might pick connection identifiers of arbitrary length. Network elements can mitigate these attacks with implementations that fully conforms to the specification of .

Damage to Other Protocols Network elements that update SCONE packet fields might do that for datagrams exchanged in other protocols. This could result in damage to those protocols. The most serious damage occurs when every datagram is modified, because that could mean that the protocol is effectively unable to operate end-to-end. To that end, network elements MUST only update the content of datagrams on a given address tuple a few times each monitoring period. Network elements MAY update more often immediately after a change in their throughput advice, to reduce the reaction time from senders. In addition, some heuristics might be used to detect SCONE-compatible QUIC flows. This includes identification of a QUIC handshake on the flow, the presence of indications (), or other heuristics. If these heuristics indicate a non-QUIC flow, the safest option is for network elements to disable updating of datagrams.

Privacy Considerations The focus of this analysis is the extent to which observing SCONE packets could be used to gain information about endpoints. This might be leaking details of how applications using QUIC operate or leaks of endpoint identity when using additional privacy protection, such as a VPN. Any network element that can observe the content of that packet can read the throughput advice that was applied. Any signal is visible on the path, from the point at which it is applied to the point at which it is consumed at an endpoint. On path elements can also alter the SCONE signal to try trigger specific reactions and gain further knowledge. In the general case of a client connected to a server through the Internet, we believe that SCONE does not provide much advantage to attackers. The identities of the clients and servers are already visible through their IP addresses. Traffic analysis tools already provide more information than the throughput advice set by SCONE. There are two avenues of attack that require more analysis:

• that the passive observation of SCONE packets might help identify or distinguish endpoints; and
• that active manipulation of SCONE signals might help reveal the identity of endpoints that are otherwise hidden behind VPNs or proxies.

Passive Attacks If only few clients and server pairs negotiate the usage of SCONE, the occasional observation of SCONE packets will "stick out". That observation, could be combined with observation of timing and volume of traffic to help identify the endpoint or categorize the application that they are using. A variation of this issue occurs if SCONE is widely implemented, but only used in some specific circumstances. In that case, observation of SCONE packets reveals information about the state of the endpoint. If multiple servers are accessed through the same front facing server, Encrypted Client Hello (ECH) may be used to prevent outside parties to identify which specific server a client is using. However, if only a few of these servers use SCONE, any SCONE packets will help identify which specific server a client is using. This issue will be mitigated if SCONE becomes widely implemented, and if the usage of SCONE is not limited to the type of applications that make active use of the signal. QUIC implementations are therefore encouraged to make the feature available unconditionally. Endpoints might send SCONE packets whenever a peer can accept them.

Active Attacks Suppose a configuration in which multiple clients use a VPN or proxy service to access the same server. The attacker sees the IP addresses in the packets behind VPN and proxy and also between the users and the VPN, but it does not know which VPN address corresponds to what user address. Suppose now that the attacker selects a flow on the link between the VPN/proxy and server. The attacker applies throughput advice signals to SCONE packets in that flow. The attacker chooses a bandwidth that is lower than the "natural" bandwidth of the connection. A reduction in the rate of flows between client and VPN/proxy might allow the attacker to link the altered flow to the client. | | +--------+ +--------+ | VPN |<==========>| | | Client |------------->| / |<==========>| Server | +--------+ | Proxy |<==========>| | .---->| | ^ +--------+ +--------+ / +-------+ | | Client |======' | +--------+ ^ Apply throughput advice signal \ \ Observe change ]]> An attacker that can manipulate SCONE headers can also simulate congestion signals by dropping packets or by setting the ECN CE bit. That will also likely result in changes in the congestion response by the affected client. A VPN or proxy could defend against this style of attack by removing SCONE (and ECN) signals. There are few reasons to provide per-flow throughput advice signals in that situation. Endpoints might also either disable this feature or ignore any signals when they are aware of the use of a VPN or proxy.

IANA Considerations This document registers new QUIC versions () and a QUIC transport parameter ().

SCONE Versions This document registers the following entries to the "QUIC Versions" registry maintained at https://www.iana.org/assignments/quic, following the guidance from .

Value:

0x6f7dc0fd

Status:

permanent

Specification:

This document

Change Controller:

IETF (iesg@ietf.org)

Contact:

QUIC Working Group (quic@ietf.org)

Notes:

SCONE Protocol - Low Range

Value:

0xef7dc0fd

Status:

permanent

Specification:

This document

Change Controller:

IETF (iesg@ietf.org)

Contact:

QUIC Working Group (quic@ietf.org)

Notes:

SCONE Protocol - High Range

scone_supported Transport Parameter This document registers the scone_supported transport parameter in the "QUIC Transport Parameters" registry maintained at https://www.iana.org/assignments/quic, following the guidance from .

Value:

0x219e

Parameter Name:

scone_supported

Status:

Permanent

Specification:

This document

Date:

This date

Change Controller:

IETF (iesg@ietf.org)

Contact:

QUIC Working Group (quic@ietf.org)

Notes:

(none)

References Normative References This document defines the core of the QUIC transport protocol. QUIC provides applications with flow-controlled streams for structured communication, low-latency connection establishment, and network path migration. QUIC includes security measures that ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability in a range of deployment circumstances. Accompanying documents describe the integration of TLS for key negotiation, loss detection, and an exemplary congestion control algorithm. This document defines the properties of the QUIC transport protocol that are common to all versions of the protocol. In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings. This document describes a method for negotiating the ability to send an arbitrary value for the second-most significant bit in QUIC packets. This document defines the IP header field, called the DS (for differentiated services) field. [STANDARDS-TRACK] This document specifies QUIC version 2, which is identical to QUIC version 1 except for some trivial details. Its purpose is to combat various ossification vectors and exercise the version negotiation framework. It also serves as a template for the minimum changes in any future version of QUIC. Note that "version 2" is an informal name for this proposal that indicates it is the second version of QUIC to be published as a Standards Track document. The protocol specified here uses a version number other than 2 in the wire image, in order to minimize ossification risks. Informative References Alibaba Inc. Uber Technologies Inc. University of Mons (UMONS) UCLouvain and Tessares Private Octopus Inc. Ericsson This document specifies a multipath extension for the QUIC protocol to enable the simultaneous usage of multiple paths for a single connection. It proposes a standard way to create, delete, and manage paths using identifiers. It does not specify address discovery or management, nor how applications using QUIC schedule traffic over multiple paths. This memo specifies the incorporation of ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) to TCP and IP, including ECN's use of two bits in the IP header. [STANDARDS-TRACK] The goal of this document is to describe the potential benefits of applications using a transport that enables Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN). The document outlines the principal gains in terms of increased throughput, reduced delay, and other benefits when ECN is used over a network path that includes equipment that supports Congestion Experienced (CE) marking. It also discusses challenges for successful deployment of ECN. It does not propose new algorithms to use ECN nor does it describe the details of implementation of ECN in endpoint devices (Internet hosts), routers, or other network devices. This document describes a protocol for transferring unbounded streams of multimedia data. It specifies the data format of the files and the actions to be taken by the server (sender) and the clients (receivers) of the streams. It describes version 7 of this protocol. This document defines basic terminology for describing different types of Network Address Translation (NAT) behavior when handling Unicast UDP and also defines a set of requirements that would allow many applications, such as multimedia communications or online gaming, to work consistently. Developing NATs that meet this set of requirements will greatly increase the likelihood that these applications will function properly. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.

Acknowledgments made significant contributions to the original TRAIN specification that forms the basis for a large part of this document. The following people also contributed significantly to the development of the protocol: , , , and .