]> MATTR

tobias.looker@mattr.global

paul.bastian@bdr.de

SPRIND

chris.bormann@gmx.de

Security Web Authorization Protocol This specification defines an extension to the OAuth 2 protocol as defined in which enables a Client Instance to include a key-bound attestation in interactions with an Authorization Server or a Resource Server. This new method enables Client Instances involved in a client deployment that is traditionally viewed as a public client, to be able to utilize this key-bound attestation to authenticate. About This Document The latest revision of this draft can be found at . Status information for this document may be found at . Discussion of this document takes place on the Web Authorization Protocol Working Group mailing list (), which is archived at . Subscribe at . Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at .

Introduction Traditional OAuth security concepts perform client authentication through a backend channel. In ecosystems such as the Issuer-Holder-Verifier model used in , this model raises privacy concerns, as it would enable the backend to recognize which Holder (i.e. client) interacts with which Issuer (i.e. Authorization Server) and potentially furthermore see the credentials being issued. This specification establishes a mechanism for a backend-attested client authentication through a frontend channel to address these issues. Additionally, this approach acknowledges the evolving landscape of OAuth 2 deployments, where the ability for public clients to authenticate securely and reliably has become increasingly important. Leveraging platform mechanisms to validate a client instance, e.g. for mobile native apps, enables secure authentication that would otherwise be difficult with traditional OAuth client authentication methods. Transforming these platform-specific mechanisms into a common format as described in this specification abstracts this complexity to minimize the efforts for the Authorization Server. This primary purpose of this specification is the authentication of a client instance enabled through the client backend attesting to it. The client backend may also attest further technical properties about the hardware and software of the client instance. The following diagram depicts the overall architecture and protocol flow. | | | | (1) | | Client | (6) | Authorization | | | Instance |<--------->| Server | +------| | | | +---------------+ +---------------+ / \ | | | +-------+ (5) ]]> The following steps describe this OAuth flow: (1) The Client Instance generates a key (Client Instance Key) and optional further attestations (that are out of scope) to prove its authenticity to the Client Attester. (2) The Client Instance sends this data to the Client Attester in request for a Client Attestation JWT. (3) The Client Attester validates the Client Instance Key and optional further data. It generates a signed Client Attestation JWT that is cryptographically bound to the Client Instance Key generated by the Client. Therefore, the attestation is bound to this particular Client Instance. (4) The Client Attester responds to the Client Instance by sending the Client Attestation JWT. (5) The Client Instance generates a Proof of Possession (PoP) with the Client Instance Key. (6) The Client Instance sends both the Client Attestation JWT and the Client Attestation PoP JWT to the authorization server, e.g. within a token request. The authorization server validates the Client Attestation and thus authenticates the Client Instance. Please note that the protocol details for steps (2) and (4), particularly how the Client Instance authenticates to the Client Attester, are beyond the scope of this specification. Furthermore, this specification is designed to be flexible and can be implemented even in scenarios where the client does not have a backend serving as a Client Attester. In such cases, each Client Instance is responsible for performing the functions typically handled by the Client Attester on its own.

Conventions and Definitions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Terminology

Client Attestation JWT:

A JSON Web Token (JWT) generated by the Client Attester which is bound to a key managed by a Client Instance which can then be used by the instance for client authentication.

Client Attestation Proof of Possession (PoP) JWT:

A Proof of Possession generated by the Client Instance using the key that the Client Attestation JWT is bound to.

Client Instance:

A deployed instance of a piece of client software.

Client Instance Key:

A cryptographic asymmetric key pair that is generated by the Client Instance where the public key of the key pair is provided to the Client Attester. This public key is then encapsulated within the Client Attestation JWT and is utilized to sign the Client Attestation Proof of Possession.

Client Attester:

An entity that authenticates a Client Instance and attests it by issuing a Client Attestation JWT.

Relation to RATS The Remote Attestation Procedures (RATS) architecture defined by has some commonalities to this document. The flow specified in this specification relates to the "Passport Model" in RATS. However, while the RATS ecosystem gives explicit methods and values how the RATS Attester proves itself to the Verifier, this is deliberately out of scope for Attestation-Based Client Authentication. Additionally, the terminology between RATS and OAuth is different:

• a RATS "Attester" relates to an OAuth "Client"
• a RATS "Relying Party" relates to an OAuth "Authorization Server or Resource Server"
• a RATS "Verifier" relates to the "Client Attester" defined in this specification
• a RATS "Attestion Result" relates to the "Client Attestation JWT" defined by this specification
• a RATS "Endorser", "Reference Value Provider", "Endorsement", "Evidence" and "Policies and Reference Values" are out of scope for this specification

Client Attestation Format This draft introduces the concept of client attestations to the OAuth 2 protocol, using two JWTs: a Client Attestation and a Client Attestation Proof of Possession (PoP). The primary purpose of these JWTs is to authenticate the Client Instance. These JWTs can be transmitted via HTTP headers in an HTTP request (as described in ) from a Client Instance to an Authorization Server or Resource Server, or via a concatenated serialization (as described in ) to enable usage outside of the traditional OAuth2 ecosystem .

Client Attestation JWT The Client Attestation MUST be encoded as a "JSON Web Token (JWT)" according to . The following content applies to the JWT Header:

• typ: REQUIRED. The JWT type MUST be oauth-client-attestation+jwt.

The following content applies to the JWT Claims Set:

• iss: REQUIRED. The iss (subject) claim MUST contains a unique identifier for the entity that issued the JWT. In the absence of an application profile specifying otherwise, compliant applications MUST compare issuer values using the Simple String Comparison method defined in Section 6.2.1 of .
• sub: REQUIRED. The sub (subject) claim MUST specify client_id value of the OAuth Client.
• exp: REQUIRED. The exp (expiration time) claim MUST specify the time at which the Client Attestation is considered expired by its issuer. The authorization server MUST reject any JWT with an expiration time that has passed, subject to allowable clock skew between systems.
• cnf: REQUIRED. The cnf (confirmation) claim MUST specify a key conforming to that is used by the Client Instance to generate the Client Attestation PoP JWT for client authentication with an authorization server. The key MUST be expressed using the "jwk" representation.
• iat: OPTIONAL. The iat (issued at) claim MUST specify the time at which the Client Attestation was issued.
• nbf: OPTIONAL. The nbf (not before) claim MUST specify the time before which the Client Attestation MUST NOT be accepted for processing.

The following additional rules apply:

1. The JWT MAY contain other claims. All claims that are not understood by implementations MUST be ignored.
2. The JWT MUST be digitally signed using an asymmetric cryptographic algorithm. The authorization server MUST reject the JWT if it is using a Message Authentication Code (MAC) based algorithm. The authorization server MUST reject JWTs with an invalid signature.
3. The authorization server MUST reject a JWT that is not valid in all other respects per "JSON Web Token (JWT)" .

The following example is the decoded header and payload of a JWT meeting the processing rules as defined above.

Client Attestation PoP JWT The Client Attestation PoP MUST be encoded as a "JSON Web Token (JWT)" according to . The following content applies to the JWT Header:

• typ: REQUIRED. The JWT type MUST be oauth-client-attestation-pop+jwt.

The following content applies to the JWT Claims Set:

• iss: REQUIRED. The iss (subject) claim MUST specify client_id value of the OAuth Client.
• exp: REQUIRED. The exp (expiration time) claim MUST specify the time at which the Client Attestation PoP is considered expired. The authorization server MUST reject any JWT with an expiration time that has passed, subject to allowable clock skew between systems. Note that the authorization server may reject JWTs with an "exp" claim value that is unreasonably far in the future.
• aud: REQUIRED. The aud (audience) claim MUST specify a value that identifies the authorization server as an intended audience. The issuer identifier URL of the authorization server MUST be used as a value for an "aud" element to identify the authorization server as the intended audience of the JWT.
• jti: REQUIRED. The jti (JWT identifier) claim MUST specify a unique identifier for the Client Attestation PoP. The authorization server MAY ensure that JWTs are not replayed by maintaining the set of used "jti" values for the length of time for which the JWT would be considered valid based on the applicable "exp" instant.
• nonce: OPTIONAL. The nonce (nonce) claim MUST specify a String value that is provided by the authorization server to associate the Client Attestation PoP JWT with a particular transaction and prevent replay attacks.
• iat: OPTIONAL. The iat (issued at) claim MUST specify the time at which the Client Attestation PoP was issued. Note that the authorization server may reject JWTs with an "iat" claim value that is unreasonably far in the past.
• nbf: OPTIONAL. The nbf (not before) claim MUST specify the time before which the Client Attestation PoP MUST NOT be accepted for processing.

The following additional rules apply:

1. The JWT MAY contain other claims. All claims that are not understood by implementations MUST be ignored.
2. The JWT MUST be digitally signed using an asymmetric cryptographic algorithm. The authorization server MUST reject the JWT if it is using a Message Authentication Code (MAC) based algorithm. The authorization server MUST reject JWTs with an invalid signature.
3. The public key used to verify the JWT MUST be the key located in the "cnf" claim of the corresponding Client Attestation JWT.
4. The Authorization Server MUST reject a JWT that is not valid in all other respects per "JSON Web Token (JWT)" .

The following example is the decoded header and payload of a JWT meeting the processing rules as defined above.

Client Attestation using a Header based syntax The following section defines how a Client Attestation can be provided in an HTTP request using HTTP headers.

Client Attestation HTTP Headers A Client Attestation JWT and Client Attestation PoP JWT can be included in an HTTP request using the following request header fields.

OAuth-Client-Attestation:

A JWT that conforms to the structure and syntax as defined in

OAuth-Client-Attestation-PoP:

A JWT that adheres to the structure and syntax as defined in

The following is an example of the OAuth-Client-Attestation header. The following is an example of the OAuth-Client-Attestation-PoP header. Note that per header field names are case-insensitive; so OAUTH-CLIENT-ATTESTATION, oauth-client-attestation, etc., are all valid and equivalent header field names. Case is significant in the header field value, however. The OAuth-Client-Attestation and OAuth-Client-Attestation-PoP HTTP header field values uses the token68 syntax defined in Section 11.2 of (repeated below for ease of reference). It is RECOMMENDED that the authorization server validate the Client Attestation JWT prior to validating the Client Attestation PoP.

Validating HTTP requests feature client attestations To validate an HTTP request which contains the client attestation headers, the receiving server MUST ensure the following with regard to a received HTTP request:

1. There is precisely one OAuth-Client-Attestation HTTP request header field, where its value is a single well-formed JWT conforming to the syntax outlined in []{client-attestation-jwt}.
2. There is precisely one OAuth-Client-Attestation-PoP HTTP request header field, where its value is a single well-formed JWT conforming to the syntax outlined in .
3. The signature of the Client Attestation PoP JWT obtained from the OAuth-Client-Attestation-PoP HTTP header verifies with the Client Instance Key contained in the cnf claim of the Client Attestation JWT obtained from the OAuth-Client-Attestation HTTP header.

Client Attestation at the Token Endpoint While usage of the the client attestation mechanism defined by this draft can be used in a variety of different HTTP requests to different endpoints, usage within the token request as defined by has particular additional considerations outlined below. The Authorization Server MUST perform all of the checks outlined in for a received access token request which is making use of the client attestation mechanism as defined by this draft. The following example demonstrates usage of the client attestation mechanism in an access token request (with extra line breaks for display purposes only):

Client Attestation at the PAR Endpoint A Client Attestation can be used at the PAR endpoint instead of alternative client authentication mechanisms like JWT client assertion-based authentication (as defined in Section 2.2 of ). The Authorization Server MUST perform all of the checks outlined in for a received PAR request which is making use of the client attestation mechanism as defined by this draft. The following example demonstrates usage of the client attestation mechanism in a PAR request (with extra line breaks for display purposes only):

Concatenated Serialization for Client Attestations A Client Attestation according to this specification MAY be presented using an alternative representation for cases where the header-based mechanism (as introduced in introduced in does not fit the underlying protocols, e.g., for direct calls to Browser APIs. In those cases, a concatenated serialization of the Client Attestation and Client Attestation PoP can can be used.

Concatenated Serialization Format This representation is created by concatenating Client Attestation and Client Attestation PoP separated by a tilde ('~') character: ~ ]]> This form is similar to an SD-JWT+KB according to Section 5 of but does not include Disclosures, uses different typ values and does not include the sd_hash claim in the PoP. This concatenated serialization form allows a the presentation of a Client Attestation and Client Attestation PoP for cases where a header-based approach is unavailable, e.g., to establish trust in a client when using a direct Browser API call. The following is an example of such a concatenated serialization (with extra line breaks for display purposes only):

Validating the Concatenated Serialization To validate a client attestation using the concatenated serialization form, the receiving server MUST ensure the following:

1. Before the '~' character, there exists precisely a single well-formed JWT conforming to the syntax outlined in .
2. After the '~' character, there exists precisely a single well-formed JWT conforming to the syntax outlined in .
3. The signature of the Client Attestation PoP JWT obtained after the '~' character verifies with the Client Instance Key contained in the cnf claim of the Client Attestation JWT obtained before the '~' character.

Nonce Retrieval This specification defines header fields that allow a Client to request a fresh nonce value to be used in the OAuth-Client-Attestation-PoP. The nonce is opaque to the client. An Authorization Server compliant with this specification SHOULD signal via the metadata entry client_attestation_pop_nonce_required which endpoints support and expect a server-provided nonce. The client MUST retrieve a nonce before other calls to this endpoint and MUST use this nonce for the Client Attestation PoP. A Request to an endpoint supporting the server-provided nonce MUST include the attestation-nonce-request field name with the value true and use the HTTP method of type OPTIONS (without payload) to actively request a nonce. The server answers with an HTTP Response with status code 200 without body, but sets the header field attestation-nonce to the nonce. The client MUST use this nonce in the OAuth-Attestation-PoP as defined in (#client-attestation-pop-jwt). The following is a non-normative example of a request: the following is a non-normative example of a response:

Implementation Considerations

Reuse of a Client Attestation JWT Implementers should be aware that the design of this authentication mechanism deliberately allows for a Client Instance to re-use a single Client Attestation JWT in multiple interactions/requests with an Authorization Server, whilst producing a fresh Client Attestation PoP JWT. Client deployments should consider this when determining the validity period for issued Client Attestation JWTs as this ultimately controls how long a Client Instance can re-use a single Client Attestation JWT.

Refresh token binding Authorization servers issuing a refresh token in response to a token request using the client attestation mechanism as defined by this draft MUST bind the refresh token to the Client Instance, and NOT just the client as specified in section 6 . To prove this binding, the Client Instance MUST use the client attestation mechanism when refreshing an access token. The client MUST also use the same key that was present in the "cnf" claim of the client attestation that was used when the refresh token was issued.

Web Server Default Maximum HTTP Header Sizes Because the Client Attestation and Client Attestation PoP are communicated using HTTP headers, implementers should consider that web servers may have a default maximum HTTP header size configured which could be too low to allow conveying a Client Attestation and or Client Attestation PoP in an HTTP request. It should be noted, that this limit is not given by the HTTP , but instead web server implementations commonly set a default maximum size for HTTP headers. As of 2024, typical limits for modern web servers configure maximum HTTP headers as 8 kB or more as a default. ## Rotation of Client Instance Key This specification does not provide a mechanism to rotate the Client Instance Key in the Client Attestation JWT's "cnf" claim. If the Client Instance needs to use a new Client Instance Key for any reason, then it MUST request a new Client Attestation JWT from its Client Attester.

Privacy Considerations

Client Instance Tracking Across Authorization Servers Implementers should be aware that using the same client attestation across multiple authorization servers could result in correlation of the end user using the Client Instance through claim values (including the Client Instance Key in the cnf claim). Client deployments are therefore RECOMMENDED to use different Client Attestation JWTs with different Client Instance Keys across different authorization servers.

Security Considerations The guidance provided by and applies.

Replay Attack Detection The following mechanisms exist within this client authentication method in order to allow an authorization server to detect replay attacks for presented client attestation PoPs:

• The client uses "jti" (JWT ID) claims for the Client Attestation PoP JWT and the authorization server maintains a list of used (seen) "jti" values for the time of which the JWT would be considered valid based on the applicable "exp" claim. If any Client Attestation PoP JWT would be replayed, the authorization server would recognize the "jti" and respond with an authentication error.
• The authorization server provides a nonce for the particular transaction and the client uses it for the "nonce" claim in the Client Attestation PoP JWT. The authorization server validates that the nonce matches for the transaction. This approach may require an additional roundtrip in the protocol. The authorization server MUST ensure that the nonce provides sufficient entropy.
• The authorization server may expect the usage of a nonce in the Client Attestation PoP JWT, but instead of providing the nonce explicitly, the client may implicitly reuse an existing artefact, e.g. the authorization code. The authorization server MUST ensure that the nonce provides sufficient entropy.

The approach using a nonce explicitly provided by the authorization server gives stronger replay attack detection guarantees, however support by the authorization server is OPTIONAL to simplify mandatory implementation requirements. The "jti" method is mandatory and hence acts as a default fallback.

Appendix A IANA Considerations

OAuth Parameters Registration This specification requests registration of the following values in the IANA "OAuth Authorization Server Metadata" registry established by .

• Metadata Name: client_attestation_pop_nonce_required
• Metadata Description: An array of URLs that specify the endpoints supporting the nonce retrieval and expecting a Client Attestation bound to a server-provided nonce.
• Change Controller: IETF
• Reference: of this specification

Registration of attest_jwt_client_auth Token Endpoint Authentication Method This section registers the value "attest_jwt_client_auth" in the IANA "OAuth Token Endpoint Authentication Methods" registry established by OAuth 2.0 Dynamic Client Registration Protocol .

• Token Endpoint Authentication Method Name: "attest_jwt_client_auth"
• Change Controller: IESG
• Specification Document(s): TBC

HTTP Field Name Registration This section requests registration of the following scheme in the "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Field Name Registry" described in :

• Field Name: OAuth-Client-Attestation
• Status: permanent
• Reference: of this specification

• Field Name: OAuth-Client-Attestation-PoP
• Status: permanent
• Reference: of this specification

• Field Name: attestation-nonce-request
• Status: permanent
• Reference: of this specification

• Field Name: attestation-nonce
• Status: permanent
• Reference: of this specification

References Normative References A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource. This specification defines the generic URI syntax and a process for resolving URI references that might be in relative form, along with guidelines and security considerations for the use of URIs on the Internet. The URI syntax defines a grammar that is a superset of all valid URIs, allowing an implementation to parse the common components of a URI reference without knowing the scheme-specific requirements of every possible identifier. This specification does not define a generative grammar for URIs; that task is performed by the individual specifications of each URI scheme. [STANDARDS-TRACK] This specification defines mechanisms for dynamically registering OAuth 2.0 clients with authorization servers. Registration requests send a set of desired client metadata values to the authorization server. The resulting registration responses return a client identifier to use at the authorization server and the client metadata values registered for the client. The client can then use this registration information to communicate with the authorization server using the OAuth 2.0 protocol. This specification also defines a set of common client metadata fields and values for clients to use during registration. JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact, URL-safe means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. The claims in a JWT are encoded as a JSON object that is used as the payload of a JSON Web Signature (JWS) structure or as the plaintext of a JSON Web Encryption (JWE) structure, enabling the claims to be digitally signed or integrity protected with a Message Authentication Code (MAC) and/or encrypted. This specification describes how to declare in a JSON Web Token (JWT) that the presenter of the JWT possesses a particular proof-of- possession key and how the recipient can cryptographically confirm proof of possession of the key by the presenter. Being able to prove possession of a key is also sometimes described as the presenter being a holder-of-key. This specification defines a metadata format that an OAuth 2.0 client can use to obtain the information needed to interact with an OAuth 2.0 authorization server, including its endpoint locations and authorization server capabilities. JSON Web Tokens, also known as JWTs, are URL-safe JSON-based security tokens that contain a set of claims that can be signed and/or encrypted. JWTs are being widely used and deployed as a simple security token format in numerous protocols and applications, both in the area of digital identity and in other application areas. This Best Current Practices document updates RFC 7519 to provide actionable guidance leading to secure implementation and deployment of JWTs. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document describes the overall architecture of HTTP, establishes common terminology, and defines aspects of the protocol that are shared by all versions. In this definition are core protocol elements, extensibility mechanisms, and the "http" and "https" Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes. This document updates RFC 3864 and obsoletes RFCs 2818, 7231, 7232, 7233, 7235, 7538, 7615, 7694, and portions of 7230. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document specifies the HTTP/1.1 message syntax, message parsing, connection management, and related security concerns. This document obsoletes portions of RFC 7230. IANA n.d. IANA n.d. In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings. Informative References The OAuth 2.0 authorization framework enables a third-party application to obtain limited access to an HTTP service, either on behalf of a resource owner by orchestrating an approval interaction between the resource owner and the HTTP service, or by allowing the third-party application to obtain access on its own behalf. This specification replaces and obsoletes the OAuth 1.0 protocol described in RFC 5849. [STANDARDS-TRACK] In network protocol exchanges, it is often useful for one end of a communication to know whether the other end is in an intended operating state. This document provides an architectural overview of the entities involved that make such tests possible through the process of generating, conveying, and evaluating evidentiary Claims. It provides a model that is neutral toward processor architectures, the content of Claims, and protocols. This specification defines the use of a JSON Web Token (JWT) Bearer Token as a means for requesting an OAuth 2.0 access token as well as for client authentication. n.d. Authlete Keio University Ping Identity This specification defines a mechanism for the selective disclosure of individual elements of a JSON-encoded data structure used as the payload of a JSON Web Signature (JWS). The primary use case is the selective disclosure of JSON Web Token (JWT) claims.

Document History -05

• add nonce endpoint
• add metadata entry for nonce
• improve introduction
• rename client backend to client attester
• fix missing typ header in examples

-04

• remove key attestation example
• restructured JWT Claims for better readability
• added JOSE typ values for Client Attestation and Client Attestation PoP
• add RATS relation
• add concatenated representation without headers
• add PAR endpoint example
• fix PoP examples to include jti and nonce
• add iana http field name registration

-03

• remove usage of RFC7521 and the usage of client_assertion
• add new header-based syntax introducing Oauth-Client-Attestation and OAuth-Client-Attestation-PoP
• add Client Instance to the terminology and improve text around this concept

-02

• add text on the inability to rotate the Client Instance Key

-01

• Updated eIDAS example in appendix
• Removed text around jti claim in client attestation, refined text for its usage in the client attestation pop
• Refined text around cnf claim in client attestation
• Clarified how to bind refresh tokens to a Client Instance using this client authentication method
• Made it more explicit that the client authentication mechanism is general purpose making it compatible with extensions like PAR
• Updated acknowledgments
• Simplified the diagram in the introduction
• Updated references
• Added some guidance around replay attack detection

-00

• Initial draft

Acknowledgments We would like to thank Brian Campbell, Francesco Marino, Guiseppe De Marco, Kristina Yasuda, Michael B. Jones, Takahiko Kawasaki and Torsten Lodderstedt for their valuable contributions to this specification.