]> Notable CBOR Tags Universität Bremen TZI
Postfach 330440 Bremen D-28359 Germany +49-421-218-63921 cabo@tzi.org
Internet-Draft The Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR, RFC 8949) is a data format whose design goals include the possibility of extremely small code size, fairly small message size, and extensibility without the need for version negotiation. In CBOR, one point of extensibility is the definition of CBOR tags. RFC 8949's original edition, RFC 7049, defined a basic set of tags as well as a registry that can be used to contribute additional tag definitions . Since RFC 7049 was published, some 80 tag definitions have been added to that registry. The present document provides a roadmap to a large subset of these tag definitions. Where applicable, it points to a IETF standards or standard development document that specifies the tag. Where no such document exists, the intention is to collect specification information from the sources of the registrations. After some more development, the present document is intended to be useful as a reference document for the IANA registrations of the CBOR tags the definitions of which have been collected. Note to Readers This is an individual submission to the CBOR working group of the IETF, https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/cbor/about/. Discussion currently takes places on the github repository https://github.com/cabo/notable-tags. If the CBOR WG believes this is a useful document, discussion is likely to move to the CBOR WG mailing list and a github repository at the CBOR WG github organization, https://github.com/cbor-wg. The current version is true work in progress; some of the sections haven't been filled in yet, and in particular, permission has not been obtained from tag definition authors to copy over their text.
Introduction (TO DO, expand on text from abstract here; move references here and neuter them in the abstract as per .) The selection of the tags presented here is somewhat arbitrary; considerations such as how wide the scope and area of application of a tag definition is combine with an assessment how "ready to use" the tag definition is (i.e., is the tag specification in a state where it can be used). This document can only be a snapshot of a subset of the current registrations. The most up to date set of registrations is always available in the registry "" .
Terminology The definitions of apply. Specifically: The term "byte" is used in its now customary sense as a synonym for "octet"; "byte strings" are CBOR data items carrying a sequence of zero or more (binary) bytes, while "text strings" are CBOR data items carrying a sequence of zero or more Unicode code points, encoded in UTF-8 . Where bit arithmetic is explained, this document uses the notation familiar from the programming language C (, including C++14's 0bnnn binary literals ), except that superscript notation (example for two to the power of 64: 264) denotes exponentiation; in the plain text version of this document, superscript notation is rendered in paragraph text by C-incompatible surrogate notation as seen in this example. Ranges expressed using .. are inclusive of the limits given. Type names such as "int", "bigint" or "decfrac" are taken from , the Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL).
RFC 7049 (original CBOR specification) defines a number of tags that are listed here for convenience only. Tag numbers defined in RFC 7049
Tag number Tag content Short Description Section of RFC 7049
0 UTF-8 string Standard date/time string 2.4.1
1 multiple Epoch-based date/time 2.4.1
2 byte string Positive bignum 2.4.2
3 byte string Negative bignum 2.4.2
4 array Decimal fraction 2.4.3
5 array Bigfloat 2.4.3
21 multiple Expected conversion to base64url encoding 2.4.4.2
22 multiple Expected conversion to base64 encoding 2.4.4.2
23 multiple Expected conversion to base16 encoding 2.4.4.2
24 byte string Encoded CBOR data item 2.4.4.1
32 UTF-8 string URI 2.4.4.3
33 UTF-8 string base64url 2.4.4.3
34 UTF-8 string base64 2.4.4.3
35 UTF-8 string Regular expression 2.4.4.3
36 UTF-8 string MIME message 2.4.4.3
55799 multiple Self-describe CBOR 2.4.5
Tags Related to Those Defined in RFC 7049 Separately registered tags that are directly related to the tags predefined in RFC 7049 include:
  • Tag 63, registered by this document, is a parallel to tag 24, with the single difference that its byte string tag content carries a CBOR Sequence instead of a single CBOR data item.
  • Tag 257, registered by Peter Occil with a specification in http://peteroupc.github.io/CBOR/binarymime.html, is a parallel to tag 36, except that the tag content is a byte string, which therefore can also carry binary MIME messages as per .
Tags from RFC 7049 not listed in RFC 8949 of states:
Tag 35 is not defined by this document; the registration based on the definition in RFC 7049 remains in place.
The reason for this exclusion is that the definition of Tag 35 in , leaves too much open to ensure interoperability:
Tag 35 is for regular expressions in Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) / JavaScript syntax [ECMA262].
Not only are two partially incompatible specifications given for the semantics, JavaScript regular expressions have also developed significantly within the decade since JavaScript 5.1 (which was referenced as "ECMA262" by ), making it less reliable to assume that a producing application will manage to stay within that 2011 subset. Nonetheless, the registration is in place, so it is available for applications that simply want to mark a text string as being a regular expression roughly of the PCRE/Javascript flavor families.
Security A number of CBOR tags are defined in security specifications that make use of CBOR.
RFC 8152 (COSE) defines CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE). A revision is in process that splits this specification into the data structure definitions , which will define another tag for COSE standalone counter signature, and the algorithms employed . Tag numbers defined in RFC 8152, COSE
Tag number Tag content Short Description
16 COSE_Encrypt0 COSE Single Recipient Encrypted Data Object
17 COSE_Mac0 COSE Mac w/o Recipients Object
18 COSE_Sign1 COSE Single Signer Data Object
96 COSE_Encrypt COSE Encrypted Data Object
97 COSE_Mac COSE MACed Data Object
98 COSE_Sign COSE Signed Data Object
RFC 8392 (CWT) defines the CBOR Web Token (CWT), making use of COSE to define a CBOR variant of the JOSE Web Token (JWT), , a standardized security token that has found use in the area of web applications, but is not technically limited to those. Tag number defined for RFC 8392 CBOR Web Token (CWT)
Tag number Tag content Short Description
61 CBOR Web Token (CWT) CBOR Web Token (CWT)
CBOR-based Representation Formats Representation formats can be built on top of CBOR.
YANG-CBOR YANG is a data modeling language originally designed in the context of the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) , now widely used for modeling management and configuration information. defines an XML-based representation format, and defines a JSON-based representation format for YANG. YANG-CBOR is a representation format for YANG data in CBOR. Tag number defined for YANG-CBOR
Tag number Tag content Short Description Section of YANG-CBOR
43 byte string YANG bits datatype 6.7
44 unsigned integer YANG enumeration datatype 6.6
45 unsigned integer or text string YANG identityref datatype 6.10
46 unsigned integer or text string or array YANG instance-identifier datatype 6.13
47 unsigned integer YANG Schema Item iDentifier (sid) 3.2
Protocols Protocols may want to allocate CBOR tag numbers to identify specific protocol elements.
DOTS DDoS Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) defines tag number 271 for the DOTS signal channel object in .
RAINS As an example for how experimental protocols can make use of CBOR tag definitions, the RAINS (Another Internet Naming Service) Protocol Specification defines tag number 15309736 for a RAINS Message . (The seemingly random tag number was chosen so that, when represented as an encoded CBOR tag argument, it contains the Unicode character 雨 in UTF-8, which represents rain in a number of languages.)
Datatypes
Advanced arithmetic A number of tags have been registered for arithmetic representations beyond those built into CBOR and defined by tags in . These are all documented under http://peteroupc.github.io/CBOR/; the last pathname component for the URL is given in . Tags for advanced arithmetic
Tag number Tag content Short Description Reference
30 array Rational number rational.html
264 array Decimal fraction with arbitrary exponent bigfrac.html
265 array Bigfloat with arbitrary exponent bigfrac.html
268 array Extended decimal fraction extended.html
269 array Extended bigfloat extended.html
270 array Extended rational number extended.html
CBOR's basic generic data model () has a number system with limited-range integers (major types 0 and 1: -264..264-1) and floating point numbers that cover binary16, binary32, and binary64 (including non-finites) from . With the tags defined with , the extended generic data model () adds unlimited-range integers (tag numbers 2 and 3, "bigint" in CDDL) as well as floating point values using the bases 2 (tag number 5, "bigfloat") and 10 (tag number 4, "decfrac"). This pre-defined number system has a number of limitations that are addressed in three of the tags discussed here:
  • Tag number 30 allows the representation of rational numbers as a ratio of two integers: a numerator (usually written as the top part of a fraction), and a denominator (the bottom part), where both integers can be limited-range basic and unlimited-range integers. The mathematical value of a rational number is the numerator divided by the denominator. This tag can express all numbers that the extended generic data model of can express, except for non-finites ; it also can express rational numbers that cannot be expressed with denominators that are a power of 2 or a power of 10. For example, the rational number 1/3 is encoded: Many programming languages have built-in support for rational numbers or support for them is included in their standard libraries; tag number 30 is a way for these platforms to interchange these rational numbers in CBOR.
  • Tag numbers 4 and 5 are limited in the range of the (base 10 or base 2) exponents by the limited-range integers in the basic generic data model. Tag numbers 264 and 265 are exactly equivalent to 4 and 5, respectively, but also allow unlimited-range integers as exponents. While applications for floating point numbers with exponents outside the CBOR basic integer range are limited, tags 264 and 265 allow unlimited roundtripping with other formats that allow very large or very small exponents, such as those JSON can provide if the limitations of I-JSON do not apply.
The tag numbers 268..270 extend these tags further by providing a way to express non-finites within a tag with this number. This does not increase the expressiveness of the data model (the non-finites can already be expressed using major type 7 floating point numbers), but does allow both finite and non-finite values to carry the same tag. In most applications, a choice that includes some of the three tags 30, 264, 265 for finite values and major type 7 floating point values for non-finites (as well as possibly other parts of the CBOR number system) will be the preferred solution. This document suggests using the CDDL typenames defined in for the three most useful tag numbers in this section.
CDDL for extended arithmetic tags = #6.30([numerator: N, denominator: D]) ; the value 1/3 can be notated as rational_of<1, 3> extended_decfrac = #6.264([e10: integer, m: integer]) extended_bigfloat = #6.265([e2: integer, m: integer]) ]]>
Variants of undefined https://github.com/svaarala/cbor-specs/blob/master/cbor-absent-tag.rst defines tag 31 to be applied to the CBOR value Undefined (0xf7), slightly modifying its semantics to stand for an absent value in a CBOR Array. (TO DO: Obtain permission to copy the definitions here.)
Typed and Homogeneous Arrays defines tags for various kinds of arrays. A summary is reproduced in . Tag numbers defined for Arrays
Tag Data Item Semantics
64 byte string uint8 Typed Array
65 byte string uint16, big endian, Typed Array
66 byte string uint32, big endian, Typed Array
67 byte string uint64, big endian, Typed Array
68 byte string uint8 Typed Array, clamped arithmetic
69 byte string uint16, little endian, Typed Array
70 byte string uint32, little endian, Typed Array
71 byte string uint64, little endian, Typed Array
72 byte string sint8 Typed Array
73 byte string sint16, big endian, Typed Array
74 byte string sint32, big endian, Typed Array
75 byte string sint64, big endian, Typed Array
76 byte string (reserved)
77 byte string sint16, little endian, Typed Array
78 byte string sint32, little endian, Typed Array
79 byte string sint64, little endian, Typed Array
80 byte string IEEE 754 binary16, big endian, Typed Array
81 byte string IEEE 754 binary32, big endian, Typed Array
82 byte string IEEE 754 binary64, big endian, Typed Array
83 byte string IEEE 754 binary128, big endian, Typed Array
84 byte string IEEE 754 binary16, little endian, Typed Array
85 byte string IEEE 754 binary32, little endian, Typed Array
86 byte string IEEE 754 binary64, little endian, Typed Array
87 byte string IEEE 754 binary128, little endian, Typed Array
40 array of two arrays* Multi-dimensional Array, row-major order
1040 array of two arrays* Multi-dimensional Array, column-major order
41 array Homogeneous Array
Domain-Specific (TO DO: Obtain permission to copy the definitions here; explain how tags 52 and 54 essentially obsolete 260/261.)
Tag number Tag content Short Description Reference Author
37 byte string Binary UUID () https://github.com/lucas-clemente/cbor-specs/blob/master/uuid.md Lucas Clemente
257 byte string Binary MIME message http://peteroupc.github.io/CBOR/binarymime.html Peter Occil
260 byte string Network Address (IPv4 or IPv6 or MAC Address) http://www.employees.org/~ravir/cbor-network.txt Ravi Raju
261 map Network Address Prefix (IPv4 or IPv6 Address + Mask Length) https://github.com/toravir/CBOR-Tag-Specs/blob/master/networkPrefix.md Ravi Raju
263 byte string Hexadecimal string https://github.com/toravir/CBOR-Tag-Specs/blob/master/hexString.md Ravi Raju
266 text string Internationalized resource identifier (IRI) https://peteroupc.github.io/CBOR/iri.html Peter Occil
267 text string Internationalized resource identifier reference (IRI reference) https://peteroupc.github.io/CBOR/iri.html Peter Occil
Human-readable Text
Tag Data Item Semantics Reference
38 array Language-tagged string
Tag 38 was originally registered by Peter Occil in http://peteroupc.github.io/CBOR/langtags.html; it has since been adopted and extended in , where a detailed definition of the tag and a few simple examples for its use are provided. The problem that this tag was designed to solve is that text strings often need additional information to be properly presented to a human. While Unicode (and the UTF-8 form of Unicode used in CBOR) define the characters, additional information about the human language in use and the writing direction appropriate for the text given are often required. The need to provide language information with text has been well-known for a while and led to a common form for this information, the language tag, defined in . Less well-known is the need to provide separate directionality information as well. The need for this information is demonstrated in , which points out that it is "actually a bad idea to rely on language information to apply direction" and points out further reference information on this. shows more examples for language tags and directionality, while provides an introduction to the way browsers, where "the order of characters in memory (logical) is not the same as the order in which they are displayed (visual)", "produce the correct order at the time of display" (Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm). Tag 38 meets the requirements of its specific application in , which could be summarized as: Supplying the necessary information to present isolated, linear, comparatively small pieces of human-readable text. It neither addresses more complex requirements of specific languages such as , nor does it address requirements for more complex structure in texts such as emphasis, lists, or tables. These more complex requirements are typically met by specific media types such as HTML .
Extended Time Formats Additional tag definitions have been provided for date and time values. Tag numbers for date and time
Tag Data Item Semantics Reference
100 integer date in number of days since epoch
1004 text string RFC 3339 full-date string
1001 map extended time
1002 map duration
1003 map period
Note that tags 100 and 1004 are for calendar dates that are not anchored to a specific time zone; they are meant to specify calendar dates as perceived by humans, e.g. for use in personal identification documents. Converting such a calendar date into a specific point in time needs the addition of a time-of-day (for which a CBOR tag is outstanding) and timezone information (also outstanding). Alternatively, a calendar date plus timezone information can be converted into a time period (range of time values given by the starting and the ending time); note that these time periods are not always exactly 24 h (86400 s) long. does not suggest CDDL type names for the two tags. We suggest copying the definitions in into application-specific CDDL as needed.
CDDL for calendar date tags (RFC8943)
Tag 1001 extends tag 1 by additional information (such as picosecond resolution) and allows the use of Decimal and Bigfloat numbers for the time.
Platform-oriented
Perl (These are actually not as Perl-specific as the title of this section suggests. See also the penultimate paragraph of .) These are all documented under http://cbor.schmorp.de/; the last pathname component is given in . (TO DO: Obtain permission to copy the definitions here.) Tag numbers that aid the Perl platform
Tag Data Item Semantics Reference
256 multiple mark value as having string references stringref
25 unsigned integer reference the nth previously seen string stringref
26 array Serialized Perl object with classname and constructor arguments perl-object
27 array Serialized language-independent object with type name and constructor arguments generic-object
28 multiple mark value as (potentially) shared value-sharing
29 unsigned integer reference nth marked value value-sharing
22098 multiple hint that indicates an additional level of indirection indirection
JSON (TO DO: Obtain permission to copy the definitions here.) Tag number 262 has been registered to identify byte strings that carry embedded JSON text (https://github.com/toravir/CBOR-Tag-Specs/blob/master/embeddedJSON.md). Tag number 275 can be used to identify maps that contain keys that are all of type Text String, as they would occur in JSON (https://github.com/ecorm/cbor-tag-text-key-map).
Weird text encodings (TO DO: Obtain permission to copy the definitions here.) Some variants of UTF-8 are in use in specific areas of application. Tags have been registered to be able to carry around strings in these variants in case they are not also valid UTF-8 and can therefore not be represented as a CBOR text string (https://github.com/svaarala/cbor-specs/blob/master/cbor-nonutf8-string-tags.rst). Tag numbers for UTF-8 variants
Tag Number Data Item Semantics
272 byte string Non-UTF-8 CESU-8 string
273 byte string Non-UTF-8 WTF-8 string
274 byte string Non-UTF-8 MUTF-8 string
Application-specific (TO DO: Obtain permission to copy the definitions here.)
Tag number Tag content Short Description Reference Author
39 multiple Identifier [https://github.com/lucas-clemente/cbor-specs/blob/master/id.md Lucas Clemente
42 byte string IPLD content identifier [https://github.com/ipld/cid-cbor/ Volker Mische
103 array Geographic Coordinates [https://github.com/allthingstalk/cbor/blob/master/CBOR-Tag103-Geographic-Coordinates.md Danilo Vidovic
104 multiple Geographic Coordinate Reference System WKT or EPSG number  
120 multiple Internet of Things Data Point [https://github.com/allthingstalk/cbor/blob/master/CBOR-Tag120-Internet-of-Things-Data-Points.md Danilo Vidovic
258 array Mathematical finite set [https://github.com/input-output-hk/cbor-sets-spec/blob/master/CBOR_SETS.md Alfredo Di Napoli
259 map Map datatype with key-value operations (e.g. .get ()/.set()/.delete()) [https://github.com/shanewholloway/js-cbor-codec/blob/master/docs/CBOR-259-spec--explicit-maps.md Shane Holloway
Enumerated Alternative Data Items (Original Text for this section was contributed by Duncan Coutts and Michael Peyton Jones; all errors are the author's.) A set of CBOR tag numbers has been allocated (to do, ) for encoding data composed of enumerated alternatives: Tags for Enumerated Alternative Data Items
Tags Data Item Meaning
121..127 any alternatives 0..6, 1+1 encoding
1280..1400 any alternatives 7..127, 1+2 encoding
101 array [uint, any] alternatives as given by the uint + 128
The tags defined in this section are for encoding data that can be in one of a number of different enumerated forms. For example data representing the result of some action might be either a failure with some failure detail, or a success with some result. In this example there are two cases, the failure case and the success case, and we can enumerate them as 0 and 1. In general the number of alternatives, and what data is expected in each alternative case is entirely application dependent. The tags defined in this specification allow the encoding of any number of alternatives, but provide compact encoding for the common cases of low numbers of alternatives:
  • Alternatives 0..6 can be encoded in 2 bytes;
  • Alternatives 7..127 can be encoded in 3 bytes;
  • Alternatives 128+ can be encoded in 3-12 bytes.
There are no special considerations for deterministic encoding : The case numbers covered by each tag do not overlap; particularly, tag 101 encoding starts where the more compact special encodings for 0..6 and 7..127 end. For cases 0..6 and 7..127, the tag value indicates the value of the alternative. For cases 128+, a single tag number is used with an enclosed two-element array that contains the case number and the value of the alternative.
Semantics The value consists of a case number and a case body. The case number is an unsigned integer that indicates which case out of the set of alternatives is used. The case body is any CBOR data value. In a setting where the application uses a schema (formally or informally), then there will be an appropriate sub-schema for each case in the set of alternatives. The representation of the case body should comply with the schema corresponding to the case number used. To continue the example above about representing failure or success, suppose that the failure detail consists of an integer code and a string, and suppose that the successful result is a byte string. A failure value will use case 0 and the case body will be a CBOR list containing an integer and a text string. Alternatively, a success value will use case 1 and the body will be a single CBOR byte string. Decoders that enforce a schema must check the case number is within the range of cases allowed, and that the case body follows the schema for the supplied case number. Generic decoders should allow any case number and any CBOR data value for the case body.
Rationale CBOR has direct support for combinations of multiple values but not for alternatives of multiple values. Combinations are expressed in CBOR using lists or maps. Most programming languages have a notion of data consisting of combinations of data values, often called records, structs or objects. Many programming languages also have a notion of data consisting of multiple alternative data values. For example C has unions, and other languages have "tagged" unions (where it is always clear which alternative is in use). Crucially for this set of tags, the set of alternatives must be closed and ordered. This allows encoding using an unsigned number to distinguish each case. Note that this does not correspond to the notion in some programming languages of classes and subclasses since in that context the set of alternatives is open and unordered. Alternatives of this kind are well-supported by tag 27 "Serialized language-independent object with type name and constructor arguments". In functional programming languages, the primary way of forming new data types is to enumerate a set of alternatives (each of which may be a record). Such forms of data are also supported in hybrid functional languages or languages with functional features. Thus, in some applications, it is very common to have data making use of alternatives, and it is worth finding a compact encoding, at least for the common cases. Just as most records are small, most alternatives are also small. In this specification we reserve 7 values in the 2-byte part of the available tag encoding space for alternatives 0..6 which are by far the most common. We reserve a range of 121 values in the 3-bytes tag encoding space. To cover the general case we use an encoding using a pair consisting of an unsigned integer and the case body, the first 24 of which also result in a 3-byte encoding.
Examples To elaborate on the example from the introduction, we have a "result" that is a failure or success, where:
  • the failure detail consists of an integer code and a string;
  • the successful result is a byte string.
This corresponds to the following schema, in CDDL notation: Example values: As a second example, here is one based on a data type defined within the Haskell programming language, representing a simple expression tree. In CDDL notation, and using the tags in this specification, such data could be encoded using this schema:
Implementation aids
Invalid Tag The present document registers tag numbers 65535, 4294967295, and 18446744073709551615 (16-bit 0xffff, 32-bit 0xffffffff, and 64-bit 0xffffffffffffffff) as Invalid Tags, tags that are always invalid, independent of the tag content provided. The purpose of these tag number registrations is to enable the tag numbers to be reserved for internal use by implementations to note the absence of a tag on a data item where a tag could also be expected with that data item as tag content. The Invalid Tags are not intended to ever occur in interchanged CBOR data items. Generic CBOR decoder implementations are encouraged to raise an error if an Invalid Tag occurs in a CBOR data item even if there is no validity checking implemented otherwise.
IANA Considerations In the registry "" , IANA has allocated the first to third tag in from the FCFS space, with the present document as the specification reference. IANA has allocated the fourth tag from the Specification Required space, with the present document as the specification reference. Values for Tags
Tag Data Item Semantics Reference
65535 (none valid) always invalid draft-bormann-cbor-notable-tags,
4294967295 (none valid) always invalid draft-bormann-cbor-notable-tags,
18446744073709551615 (none valid) always invalid draft-bormann-cbor-notable-tags,
63 byte string Encoded CBOR Sequence draft-bormann-cbor-notable-tags,
In addition, IANA is requested to allocate the tags from , with a reference to the present document.
Security Considerations The security considerations of apply; the tags discussed here may also have specific security considerations that are mentioned in their specific sections above.
References Normative References Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) The Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format whose design goals include the possibility of extremely small code size, fairly small message size, and extensibility without the need for version negotiation. These design goals make it different from earlier binary serializations such as ASN.1 and MessagePack. This document obsoletes RFC 7049, providing editorial improvements, new details, and errata fixes while keeping full compatibility with the interchange format of RFC 7049. It does not create a new version of the format. Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) Tags Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and JSON Data Structures This document proposes a notational convention to express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) data structures (RFC 7049). Its main goal is to provide an easy and unambiguous way to express structures for protocol messages and data formats that use CBOR or JSON. CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format designed for small code size and small message size. There is a need for the ability to have basic security services defined for this data format. This document defines the CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) protocol. This specification describes how to create and process signatures, message authentication codes, and encryption using CBOR for serialization. This specification additionally describes how to represent cryptographic keys using CBOR. CBOR Web Token (CWT) CBOR Web Token (CWT) is a compact means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. The claims in a CWT are encoded in the Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR), and CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) is used for added application-layer security protection. A claim is a piece of information asserted about a subject and is represented as a name/value pair consisting of a claim name and a claim value. CWT is derived from JSON Web Token (JWT) but uses CBOR rather than JSON. CBOR Encoding of Data Modeled with YANG Trilliant Networks Inc. Google Switzerland GmbH Acklio Universität Bremen TZI Sandelman Software Works Based on the Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR, RFC 8949), this document defines encoding rules for representing configuration data, state data, parameters and results of Remote Procedure Call (RPC) operations or actions, and notifications, defined using YANG (RFC 7950). Distributed Denial-of-Service Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) Signal Channel Specification This document specifies the Distributed Denial-of-Service Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) signal channel, a protocol for signaling the need for protection against Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks to a server capable of enabling network traffic mitigation on behalf of the requesting client. A companion document defines the DOTS data channel, a separate reliable communication layer for DOTS management and configuration purposes. This document obsoletes RFC 8782. Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) Tags for Typed Arrays The Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR), as defined in RFC 7049, is a data format whose design goals include the possibility of extremely small code size, fairly small message size, and extensibility without the need for version negotiation. This document makes use of this extensibility to define a number of CBOR tags for typed arrays of numeric data, as well as additional tags for multi-dimensional and homogeneous arrays. It is intended as the reference document for the IANA registration of the CBOR tags defined. Informative References Matching of Language Tags This document describes a syntax, called a "language-range", for specifying items in a user's list of language preferences. It also describes different mechanisms for comparing and matching these to language tags. Two kinds of matching mechanisms, filtering and lookup, are defined. Filtering produces a (potentially empty) set of language tags, whereas lookup produces a single language tag. Possible applications include language negotiation or content selection. This document, in combination with RFC 4646, replaces RFC 3066, which replaced RFC 1766. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Tags for Identifying Languages This document describes the structure, content, construction, and semantics of language tags for use in cases where it is desirable to indicate the language used in an information object. It also describes how to register values for use in language tags and the creation of user-defined extensions for private interchange. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Strings and bidi Use cases for bidi and language metadata on the Web Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm basics W3C Rules for Simple Placement of Japanese Ruby W3C First Public Working Draft HTML - Living Standard WHATWG UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646 ISO/IEC 10646-1 defines a large character set called the Universal Character Set (UCS) which encompasses most of the world's writing systems. The originally proposed encodings of the UCS, however, were not compatible with many current applications and protocols, and this has led to the development of UTF-8, the object of this memo. UTF-8 has the characteristic of preserving the full US-ASCII range, providing compatibility with file systems, parsers and other software that rely on US-ASCII values but are transparent to other values. This memo obsoletes and replaces RFC 2279. Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies This initial document specifies the various headers used to describe the structure of MIME messages. [STANDARDS-TRACK] A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace This specification defines a Uniform Resource Name namespace for UUIDs (Universally Unique IDentifier), also known as GUIDs (Globally Unique IDentifier). A UUID is 128 bits long, and can guarantee uniqueness across space and time. UUIDs were originally used in the Apollo Network Computing System and later in the Open Software Foundation\'s (OSF) Distributed Computing Environment (DCE), and then in Microsoft Windows platforms. This specification is derived from the DCE specification with the kind permission of the OSF (now known as The Open Group). Information from earlier versions of the DCE specification have been incorporated into this document. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) The Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format whose design goals include the possibility of extremely small code size, fairly small message size, and extensibility without the need for version negotiation. These design goals make it different from earlier binary serializations such as ASN.1 and MessagePack. Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) Sequences This document describes the Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) Sequence format and associated media type "application/cbor-seq". A CBOR Sequence consists of any number of encoded CBOR data items, simply concatenated in sequence. Structured syntax suffixes for media types allow other media types to build on them and make it explicit that they are built on an existing media type as their foundation. This specification defines and registers "+cbor-seq" as a structured syntax suffix for CBOR Sequences. The I-JSON Message Format I-JSON (short for "Internet JSON") is a restricted profile of JSON designed to maximize interoperability and increase confidence that software can process it successfully with predictable results. The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a lightweight, text-based, language-independent data interchange format. It was derived from the ECMAScript Programming Language Standard. JSON defines a small set of formatting rules for the portable representation of structured data. This document removes inconsistencies with other specifications of JSON, repairs specification errors, and offers experience-based interoperability guidance. Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) Tags for Time, Duration, and Period Universität Bremen TZI Well-Typed Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology The Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR, RFC 8949) is a data format whose design goals include the possibility of extremely small code size, fairly small message size, and extensibility without the need for version negotiation. In CBOR, one point of extensibility is the definition of CBOR tags. RFC 8949 defines two tags for time: CBOR tag 0 (RFC3339 time as a string) and tag 1 (Posix time as int or float). Since then, additional requirements have become known. The present document defines a CBOR tag for time that allows a more elaborate representation of time, as well as related CBOR tags for duration and time period. It is intended as the reference document for the IANA registration of the CBOR tags defined. Concise Problem Details For CoAP APIs arm Universität Bremen TZI This document defines a concise "problem detail" as a way to carry machine-readable details of errors in a REST response to avoid the need to define new error response formats for REST APIs for constrained environments. The format is inspired by, but intended to be more concise than, the Problem Details for HTTP APIs defined in RFC 7807. Information technology - Programming languages - C International Organization for Standardization Programming languages - C++ International Organization for Standardization IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic IEEE RFC Style Guide This document describes the fundamental and unique style conventions and editorial policies currently in use for the RFC Series. It captures the RFC Editor's basic requirements and offers guidance regarding the style and structure of an RFC. Additional guidance is captured on a website that reflects the experimental nature of that guidance and prepares it for future inclusion in the RFC Style Guide. This document obsoletes RFC 2223, "Instructions to RFC Authors". CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Structures and Process August Cellars Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format designed for small code size and small message size. There is a need for the ability to have basic security services defined for this data format. This document defines the CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) protocol. This specification describes how to create and process signatures, message authentication codes, and encryption using CBOR for serialization. This specification additionally describes how to represent cryptographic keys using CBOR. This document along with [I-D.ietf-cose-rfc8152bis-algs] obsoletes RFC8152. CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Initial Algorithms August Cellars Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format designed for small code size and small message size. There is a need for the ability to have basic security services defined for this data format. THis document defines a set of algorithms that can be used with the CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) protocol RFC XXXX. JSON Web Token (JWT) JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact, URL-safe means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. The claims in a JWT are encoded as a JSON object that is used as the payload of a JSON Web Signature (JWS) structure or as the plaintext of a JSON Web Encryption (JWE) structure, enabling the claims to be digitally signed or integrity protected with a Message Authentication Code (MAC) and/or encrypted. The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language YANG is a data modeling language used to model configuration data, state data, Remote Procedure Calls, and notifications for network management protocols. This document describes the syntax and semantics of version 1.1 of the YANG language. YANG version 1.1 is a maintenance release of the YANG language, addressing ambiguities and defects in the original specification. There are a small number of backward incompatibilities from YANG version 1. This document also specifies the YANG mappings to the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF). Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) The Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) defined in this document provides mechanisms to install, manipulate, and delete the configuration of network devices. It uses an Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data encoding for the configuration data as well as the protocol messages. The NETCONF protocol operations are realized as remote procedure calls (RPCs). This document obsoletes RFC 4741. [STANDARDS-TRACK] JSON Encoding of Data Modeled with YANG This document defines encoding rules for representing configuration data, state data, parameters of Remote Procedure Call (RPC) operations or actions, and notifications defined using YANG as JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) text. RAINS (Another Internet Naming Service) Protocol Specification ETH Zurich ETH Zurich This document defines an alternate protocol for Internet name resolution, designed as a prototype to facilitate conversation about the evolution or replacement of the Domain Name System protocol. It attempts to answer the question: "how would we design DNS knowing what we do now," on the background of a set of properties of an idealized Internet naming service. Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) Tags for Date The Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR), as specified in RFC 7049, is a data format whose design goals include the possibility of extremely small code size, fairly small message size, and extensibility without the need for version negotiation. In CBOR, one point of extensibility is the definition of CBOR tags. RFC 7049 defines two tags for time: CBOR tag 0 (date/time string as per RFC 3339) and tag 1 (POSIX "seconds since the epoch"). Since then, additional requirements have become known. This specification defines a CBOR tag for a date text string (as per RFC 3339) for applications needing a textual date representation within the Gregorian calendar without a time. It also defines a CBOR tag for days since the date 1970-01-01 in the Gregorian calendar for applications needing a numeric date representation without a time. This specification is the reference document for IANA registration of the CBOR tags defined. Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) Tag for Coordinate Reference System (CRS) Specification Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corp. The Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR, RFC 7049) is a data format whose design goals include the possibility of extremely small code size, fairly small message size, and extensibility without the need for version negotiation. In CBOR, one point of extensibility is the definition of CBOR tags. An existing CBOR tag, 103, allows for the representation of geographic coordinates. Proper exploitation of geographic coordinates requires an associated reference frame. The present document defines a CBOR tag for referencing the coordinate reference system (CRS) for a geographic coordinate. It is intended as the reference document for the IANA registration of the CBOR tag defined.
Acknowledgements (Many, TBD)
Contributors
poccil14 at gmail dot com
Peter Occil registered tags 30, 264, 265, 268-270 (), 38, 257, 266 and 267 (), and contributed much of the text about these tags in this document.
duncan@well-typed.com
me@michaelpj.com
To do
Further contributors will be listed here as text is added. Plase stay tuned.